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Full Description
This Green Book provides those involved in transformer procurement with comprehensive guidance on industry best practice to avoid wrong decisions. Transformers are one of the expensive components in the power system, and also contribute a large proportion of the losses. Transformers also have long lives - more than 40 years in many cases. Making the wrong decisions during the procurement process can have serious and long-lasting consequences.
Contents
1 - Overview of Transformer and Reactor Procurement Process Overall description of power transformer and reactor procurement process, including differences for different users. Sub-chapter on forecasting of future demand for transformers and reactors Sub-chapter on spare transformers policy Sub-chapter on tends in system technical requirements 2 - Identification of Transformer and Reactor Functional Requirements Different applications - transmission, generation (centralised or distributed), others? Description of methods used to identify main functional requirements for power transformers, esp. rated voltages/tap ranges, rated power and impedance. Also consider temperature rise limits, tank requirements / paint finish, terminals, etc. Sub-chapter on whether tertiary winding or similar required. Sub-chapter on "universal" spare transformers 3 - Technical SpecificationsHow to translate requirements into a specification. Specification contents, including different requirements for different applications. Sub-chapter on maintenance requirements, esp. choice of components and materials, need for staff training. 4 - Supplier Qualification and Development How to assess the capability of different transformer suppliers to meet user expectations and requirements. How to communicate expectations and requirements to manufacturers in advance. Also consider how to develop transformer manufacturer capabilities in case of new requirements. 5 - Tender Process and Evaluation How to manage clarifications/deviations. How to assess credibility of tenders from different suppliers. Sub-chapter (or appendix) with model schedules 6 - Losses and Efficiency How to specify requirements for losses and efficiency. Loss capitalisation and penalties.7 - Contract Review Formation of project teams, allocation of roles and responsibilities. Planning of future activities: esp. approval of drawings and documents; progress inspections; etc. 8 - Design Review How to ensure that electrical, and mechanical design, quality plan, test plan, and site work plan comply with all user expectations and requirements. Also consider delivery requirements (time planning). 9 - Progress Inspections How to ensure that manufacturing processes comply with all user expectations and requirements, including delivery requirements (time schedule). Sub-chapter on quality plan (or maybe include in design review) Sub-chapter or sub-chapters on what to inspect, and how to inspect it Sub-chapter on resolving problems 10 - Final Test How to ensure final test complies with all user expectations and requirements. How to understand and evaluate results, including differences/deviations from expectations. Sub-chapter on final test failures. To include methods for investigation and repair. 11 - Transport Whole transport process from dismantling after test / preparation for transport to delivery to site. Use of shock recorders. Precautions for different transport modes. Sub-chapter on INCOTERMS Sub-chapter on transport incidents/damage. To include methods for investigation and repair 12 - Storage Why transformers sometimes need to be put into storage. How the length of time in storage determines the preparation for storage Sub-chapter on short-term storage, in the transport configuration Sub-chapter on medium-term storage Sub-chapter on long-term storage, fully or partly assembled 13 - InstallationWhole installation process from delivery to site to pre-commissioning. Consider various different "standard" options. Sub-chapter on site assembly 14 - Pre-Commissioning Standard pre-commissioning checks and tests. Sub-chapter on transformers with direct connection to GIS or cables, including special requirements for site testing Sub-chapter on heavy duty site testing. 15 - Operation During the Warranty or Guarantee Period Additional checks and monitoring during the warranty or guarantee period. Possible problems and how to resolve them. Sub-chapter on failures during warranty period.
