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Full Description
Agroforestry - the practice of growing trees and crops in interacting combinations - is recognized the world over as an integrated approach to sustainable land-use. Agroforestry systems, being multifunctional, facilitate not only the production of food and wood products but also provide a variety of ecosystem services such as climate-change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and soil quality improvement.
Agroforestry research has made rapid strides since organized efforts started in the late 1970s. Today, a vast body of scientific knowledge and an impressive array of publications on agroforestry are available. Four World Congresses on Agroforestry conducted once every five years since 2004 have brought together the global community of agroforestry professionals and practitioners to share and discuss the emerging trends and paradigm shifts in this field. The fifth Congress is scheduled to be held in Québec, Canada.
However, a comprehensive college-level textbook incorporating these research findings did not exist until this book was first published. The first edition of this book in 1993 (Nair, P. K. R., 1993) is out of print and somewhat dated. This revised edition, with emphasis on the scientific developments during the past more than four decades, addresses this long-felt need.
Contents
Preface.- Section I. Introduction.- 1. Historical developments: the coming of age of agroforestry.- References.- 2. Agroforestry: definition, concepts, and principles.- 2.1. Evolution of Definitions.- 2.2. Common Definitions.- 2.3. Concepts, Principles, and Attributes of Agroforestry.- 2.4. Other Agroforestry-Related Land-Use Systems.- References.- 3. Classification of agroforestry systems.- 3.1. Based on Structure of Systems (Arrangement of Components).- 3.2. Based on Function of Systems.- 3.3. Based on Ecological and Geographical Regions.- 3.4. Based on Socioeconomic Criteria.- 3.5. A Framework for Classification.- References.- Section II. Agroforestry systems and practices.- 4. Agroforestry systems and practices: an overview.- 4.1. The Tropical Environment and Land Use Systems.- 4.2. Major Agroforestry Systems in the Tropics.- 4.4. The Temperate Environment and Land Use Systems.- 4.5. Major Agroforestry Systems in the Temperate Regions.- 4.6. Tropical vs. Temperate Agroforestry Systems.- 4.7. Geographical Distribution and Area under Agroforestry.- References.- 5. Shifting cultivation, taungya, and improved fallows.- 5.1. System Overview.- 5.2. Soil Management and Shifting Cultivation.- 5.3. The Evolution of Planted Fallows.- 5.4. Improved Tree Fallows.- References.- 6. Tropical homegardens.- 6.1. History and Evolution.- 6.2. Ecology and Structure.- 6.3. Major Tropical Homegarden Systems [Homegardens of Kerala (India), Indonesia, Polynesia, East Africa, Central America].- 6.4. Research on Homegarden Systems.- References.- 7. Shaded perennial multistrata systems.- 7.1. Shaded Perennial Crops.- 7.2. Smallholder Systems with Coconuts: A Notable Example of Integrated Land-Use.- 7.3. Shaded Coffee Systems.- 7.4. Other Major Shaded Perennial Agroforestry Systems: with Tea, Cacao, Tree spices, etc.- 7.5. Multistory Spice- and Fruit Tree Gardens.- References.- 8. Tropical alley cropping and tree fallows.- 8.1. Trajectory of Evolution: From Shifting Cultivation to Alley Cropping.- 8.2. Three Decades of Experience with Tropical Alley Cropping.- References.- 9. Silvopastoral systems.- 9.1. System Overview.- 9.2. Fodder Trees and Tree Fodder in the Tropics.- 9.3. Extensive Grazing Systems in Arid and Semiarid Tropics.- 9.4. Silvopastoral Systems in North America.- 9.5. Silvopstoral Ssystems in Europe.- 9.6. Silvopastoral Systems in Latin America.- References.- 10. Agroforestry in the temperate zone.- 10.1. Agroforestry as an Integrated Land-Use Strategy in the Industrialized Regions.- 10.2. Major Agroforestry Practices in North America [Alley Cropping, Forest Farming, Riparian Buffers, Silvopasture, Windbreaks].- 10.3. Agroforestry Systems in Europe.- 10.4. Agroforestry Systems in the Mediterranean Region.- 10.2. Agroforestry Systems in Southern (Temperate) Latitudes.- 11. Other agroforestry systems and practices.- 11.1. Agroforestry for Firewood Production.- 11.2. Agroforestry for Soil Conservation.- 11.3. Agroforestry and Landscape Restoration.- 11.4. Cinderella (Little-known) Agroforestry Systems and Species.- 11.5. Other Agroforestry-related Land Use Systems.- References.- Section III. Biophysical foundations of agroforestry: plant productivity.- 12. General principles of plant productivity.- 12.1. Photosynthesis.- 12.2. Plant Productivity.- 12.3. Manipulation of Photosynthesis in Agroforestry.- References.- 13. Agroforestry (plant) species.- 13.1. Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs (MPTs) in Agroforestry.- 13.2. Perennial Herbaceous Species in Agroforestry.- 13.2. Annual Herbaceous Species in Agroforestry Systems.- 13.3. Species Selection for Agroforestry.- References.- Appendix: Short Descriptions of Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs (MPTs) commonly used in Agroforestry Systems.- 14. Component (plant) interactions in agroforestry.- 14.1. Principles of Ecological Interactions in Mixed Plant Communities (Niche Complementarity, Resource Competition, Competitive Exclusion).- 14.2. Positive (Production-Enhancing) Interactions.- 14.3. Negative (Production-Decreasing) Interactions.- 14.4. Management of Interactions.- References.- Section IV. Biophysical foundations of agroforestry: soil productivity and protection.- 15. Major soil types and their properties: an overview.- 15.1. Physical Properties.- 15.2. Chemical Properties.- 15.3. Soil Biology.- 15.4. Soil Classification: The U.S. Soil Taxonomy and the FAO Legend.- 15.5. Tropical Soils.- References.- 16. Nutrient cycling and soil organic matter.- 16.1. Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Forest Ecosystems.- 16.2. Nutrient Cycling in Agroforestry Systems.- 16.3. Improving Nutrient Cycling Efficiency through Management.- 16.4. Soil Organic Matter.- 16.5. Litter Quality and Decomposition.- 16.6. Trees and Biomass Production.- 16.7. Role of Roots.- 16.8. Conclusions.- References.- 17. Biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogen fixing trees.- 17.1. Rhizobial Plants.- 17.2. Actinorhizal Plants.- 17.3. Estimation of Nitrogen Fixation.- 17.4. Technology for Exploiting Nitrogen-Fixing Trees in Agroforestry.- 17.5. Trends in N2 Fixation Research in Agroforestry.- References.- 18. Soil conservation.- 18.1. Changing Concepts and Trends.- 18.2. Measurement of Soil Erosion.- 18.3. Effect of Agroforestry on Erosion Factors.- 18.4. Trees as Windbreaks and Shelterbelts.- 18.5. Erosion Control through Agroforestry in Practice.- References.- Section V. Environmental protection and ecosystem services of agroforestry.- 19. Carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.- 19.1. Climate Change and Global Warming: An Overview.- 19.2. Carbon Sequestration.- 19.3. Field Measurements of Carbon Sequestration under Agroforestry Systems.- 19.4. Agroforestry as a strategy for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation.- References.- 20. Other ecosystem services of agroforestry systems.- 20.1. Agroforestry as "biodiversity cool spots".- 20.2. Role of agroforestry in in addressing the threats to agrobiodiversity.- 20.3. Agroforestry and water-quality.- 20.3. Agroforestry and ecosystem resilience.- 20. 4. Agroforestry and Other Provisioning, Regulating, and Cultural services.- References.- Section VI. Evaluation of agroforestry systems.- 21.1. Productivity Evaluation.- 21.2. Sustainability Evaluation.- 21.3. Adoptability Evaluation.- 21.4. Social, Cultural, and Economic Valuation.- References.- 22. Agroforestry and land management in the future.- 22.1. Costs and Benefits.- 22.2. Needed: A Strong Policy Framework for Agroforestry at Various Levels.- 22.3. Future Scenarios.- Glossary.- SI Units and Conversion Factors.- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations.- Subject Index.
