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This is a final report of the excavation of Tell Umm el-Marra in northern Syria, conducted in 1994--2010. It is likely the site of ancient Tuba, capital of a small kingdom in the Early and Middle Bronze periods, in the Jabbul plain between Aleppo and northern Mesopotamia. Its study advances our understanding of early Syrian complex society beyond the big cities of Antiquity. Of particular importance in the Early Bronze excavations from Umm el-Marra are the results from the site acropolis. The architecture, location, and contents of the tombs, including objects of gold, silver, and lapis lazuli, indicated that this necropolis contained the remains of high-ranking persons. The tomb area was in use for some three centuries or more, and included separate installations where equids were interred (kungas, donkey x onager hybrids), sometimes along with human infants. The kungas were expensive and prestigious animals associated with royalty and divinity and thus are apt inclusions in an elite necropolis. Their burial in separate tombs reveals their particular importance, and this site provides the first archaeological attestation of the kunga equids, unique in the archaeology of third-millennium Syria and Mesopotamia.
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Objectives. Glenn M. Schwartz
The Radiocarbon Chronology from Umm el-Marra. Lyndelle Webster and Glenn M. Schwartz
Chapter 2: Architecture and Stratigraphy. Glenn M. Schwartz
Chapter 3: The Pottery of Third-Millennium BC Umm el-Marra. Glenn M. Schwartz
Chapter 4: Small Finds. Sally S. Dunham, Albert Jambon, Anne-Sophie Laurent, Romain Prévalet, David S. Reese, Glenn M. Schwartz, and Avary Rhys Taylor
Glyptic. Sally S. Dunham
Clay Figurines. Avary Rhys Taylor and Glenn M. Schwartz
Baked Clay Model Vehicles and Miscellaneous Clay Objects. Glenn M. Schwartz
Model Wheels, Spindle Whorls, and Pierced Potsherd Disks. Glenn M. Schwartz and Sally S. Dunham
Metal Objects. Anne-Sophie Laurent
Gold Jewelry: A Technical Study. Romain Prévalet
A Meteoritic Iron Pendant from Umm el-Marra Tomb 1. Albert Jambon
Bone, Ivory, and Shell Objects. Glenn M. Schwartz, Sally S. Dunham, and David S. Reese
Stone Objects. Glenn M. Schwartz and Avary Rhys Taylor
Beads and Pendants. Glenn M. Schwartz
Chapter 5: Bioarchaeology at Tell Umm el-Marra. Ernest K. Batey, III
Chapter 6: The Faunal Remains from Third-Millennium Umm el-Marra. Jill A. Weber
Chapter 7: Discussion and Conclusions. Glenn M. Schwartz
