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Full Description
Niloofar Kakhi's Nationalism in the Architecture of Modern Iran charts the fascinating and contested history of the development of a national architectural identity in Iran across the 20th century and on into the creative turbulence of international architecture today. Beginning with a discussion of Iranian architecture in the late Kajar period, up to 1925, and its successor, the Pahlavi dynasty (1925-79), Kakhi describes the establishment of the Iranian Society of National Heritage, and the first steps toward the foundation of an academic discipline in the western Beaux Arts tradition, under such international figures as Andre Godard, Ernst Herzfeld, and Arthur Pope. The narrative goes on to consider the importance of archaeological discoveries, particularly of the Archaemenid (c.705 - 329BCE) and Sassanian (224-651CE) periods, on Iranian architecture, and the tension this set up between concepts of national identity and the influence of international modernism. These are explored through detailed discussion of such significant sites as Tehran's National Garden, the Parade Ground and the Ferdowsi Monument, of such authorities as Mohsen Foroughi and Houshang Seyhoun; and of the paralells between architecture in Iran and in the broader Middle East. The re-invention and importance of such architectural features as the iwan and the chahar-taq are explained for the reader, as is the role played by specific core texts, Sufi mysticism, and the first international congresses, constructing a conceptual platform for critically assessing representations of national identity in contemporary Iranian architecture, and enabling the development a comprehensive understanding of the modern history of architecture in Iran.
Contents
Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Introduction 1
Architectural Challenges in Modern Iran 2
Nationalism and its Architectural Representation 9
Conflictual Modernisation 14
1. Architecture, the Rise of Nationalism and the Early Reforms 19
Qajar Tehran 19
The Development of Nationalism in Iran 33
Saramadan-e Honar: A Blueprint for National Architecture 37
From the Parade Ground to the National Garden (1925-34) 41
2. Politics and the Production of Architectural Knowledge 51
The Past as Heritage: The Society for National Heritage
(Anjoman-e Asar-e Melli) 51
An Awakening Lecture 58
Ferdowsi's Mausoleum: The Construction of a National Project 66
Development of History and Archaeology: Towards the Formation
of a 'Representative' Architecture 80
From the National Garden to Tehran's Capitol Complex (1934-41) 92
3. Developments in Architectural Discipline (1941-79) 101
Founding the New Educational System 101
The University of Tehran 109
The Establishment of the Faculty of Fine Arts under Andre Godard
(1940-53) 112
Nationalism in Architecture of Modern Iran.indd 5 22/02/2024 15:45
The Modern: The Faculty of Fine Arts under Mohsen Foroughi
(1953-62) 119
The Vernacular: The Faculty of Fine Arts under Houshang Seyhoun
(1962-8) 127
The Authentic: The Faculty of Fine Arts under Mohammad Amin
Mirfendereski (1968-79) 133
The Development of Architectural Histories and Theories 138
Persian Architecture at a Glance: Mohammad Taqi Mostafavi
(1967-71) 139
'The Stylistics of Architecture in Iran': Mohammad Karim Pirnia
(1968) 145
The Sense of Unity: Nader Ardalan and Laleh Bakhtiar (1973) 149
The International Approach to a Nationalist Question:
The Architectural Congresses of 1970 and 1974 155
Shahyad Aryamehr: The End of a Tradition (1971) 169
Projects of Authenticity 176
4. Revolution and Continuity 185
The Post-Revolution Academic Reforms 185
Re-programming the Capitol Complexes: The Urban Expressions
of Change 191
Addressing the Question of Identity 205
5. Conclusion: The Value of the Present 227
Bibliography 245
Picture Credits 253
