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The conflict between Haskalah and hasidism was one of the most important forces in shaping the world of Polish Jewry for almost two centuries, but our understanding of it has long been dominated by theories based on stereotypes rather than detailed analysis of the available sources. In this award-winning study, Marcin Wodziński challenges the long-established theories about the conflict by contextualizing it, principally in the Kingdom of Poland but also with regard to other parts of eastern Europe. Covering the period from the earliest anti-hasidic polemics in the late eighteenth century through to the post-Haskalah movements of the twentieth century, it follows the development of this important conflict in its central arena.
Using source materials (including many hitherto unknown documents) in Polish and five other languages, Wodziński has succeeded in reconstructing the way the conflict expressed itself. Identifying the motives, the methods, and the consequences of the conflict as it was played out in five Polish towns (Lódz, Opoczno, Piotrków, Warsaw, and Warta), he shows that it was primarily informed by non-ideological clashes at the level of local communities rather than by high-level ideological debates.
Much attention is also devoted to the general characteristics of hasidism and the Haskalah, as well as to the post-Haskalah movements. Here too Wodziński challenges the ideologically charged assumptions of a generation of historians who refused to see the advocates of Jewish modernity in nineteenth-century Poland as an integral part of the Haskalah movement. Extensive consideration is given to the professional, social, institutional, and ideological characteristics of the Polish Haskalah as well as to its geographic extent, and to the changes the movement underwent in the course of the nineteenth century. Similar attention is given to the influence of the specific characteristics of Polish hasidism on the shape of the conflict, especially as regard the size of the movement and the evolution of hasidic communal involvement. In consequence the book presents a synthesis that offers both breadth and depth, contextualizing its subject matter within the broader domains of the European Enlightenment and Polish culture, hasidism and rabbinic culture, tsarist policy and Polish history, not to mention the ins and outs of the Haskalah itself across Europe.
An extensive appendix presents translations of nineteen important and hitherto unknown sources of relevance to a nuanced understanding of many aspects of nineteenth-century Jewish history in Poland and eastern Europe more generally.
Contents
Note on Transliteration and Place Names
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations Introduction
1 The Beginnings: Anti-Hasidic Criticism in the Last Years of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth The Mitnagedim * The First Voices of the Haskalah * From Lithuania to Berlin: Salomon Maimon * From Podolia to Galicia: Mendel Lefin * The Commonwealth's First Maskil: Jacques Calmanson * Conclusions
2 Characteristics of the Haskalah in the Kingdom of Poland, 1815-1860 What was the Kingdom of Poland? * Who were the Maskilim of the Congress Kingdom? * Institutions of the Haskalah: The Maskilim as a Social Group * The Geography of the Polish Haskalah * Ideology and Programme * Does Language Make a Maskil? * Why in Polish? The Polish Haskalah and its Polish Context * Conclusions
3 The Development of Anti-Hasidic Criticism among the Maskilim of the Congress Kingdom, 1815-1830 The Demonization of Hasidism: Friedlander, Radominski, Niemcewicz * The Polish Haskalah in the Debate of 1818-1822: Antoni Eisenbaum * The Kalisz Voivodeship: Preliminary Inquiries and Reports * The Government Inquiries of 1818-1824 and Abraham Stern's Role * Why did the Polish Maskilim Ignore Hasidism? * Conclusions
4 Growing Interest, Growing Conflict, 1831-1860 Growing Interest in Hasidism * The Theatre of the Hasidim of Efraim Fischelsohn * Reform Projects: Eliasz Moszkowski * A New Stage of Hasidic Expansion * Conflict in Daily Life: Anatomy of Dissent * The First Maskilic Defence of Hasidism: Jakub Tugendhold * Conclusions
5 The Twilight of the Haskalah and the Dawning of Integration Maskilim, Integrationists, and Assimilationists * From the Polish Language to a Polish Identity * Polish Patriotism * Nationality or Religion? * Face to Face with Hasidism * Conclusions
6 Hatred or Solidarity? Jewish and Polish-Jewish Fraternity in the 1860s Diagnosis * Solutions * Characteristics of Hasidism * Daniel Neufeld: In Praise of Hasidism * The Anatomy of Conflict: The Sequel * Conclusions
7 Waning Enthusiasm: Izraelita and the Moderate Integration Movement Jutrzenka's Heritage * Peltyn's Credo * The Way to Recognition * Izrael Leon Grosglik: 'Letters from a Young Ex-Hasid' * The Great Disillusionment * Hilary Nussbaum: A Historian's Helplessness * New Threats * Conclusions
8 The Death of an Idea: Political, Historical, and Poetic Visions of Hasidism An Ideological Crisis in the Integration Camp * The Political Aspect of Hasidism: Nachum Sokolow * Beyond the Masklic Historiography of Hasidism * 'Singing and Dancing': The Hasidic Trend in Literature * Conclusions
Conclusion: Between Marginalization, Demonization, and Nostalgia
Appendices
1 Calmanson on Hasidism (1797) 2 Stern's Report (1818)
3 Radominski on Hasidism (1820)
4 The Lask Kahal's Complaint about the Hasidic Shtibl (1820)
5 Schonfeld's Report on the Shtibl in Lask (1820)
6 Schonfeld's Report on the Baths in Czestochowa (1820)
7 Advisory Chamber of the Jewish Committee on the Hasidic Rabbi in Plock (1829)
8 The Hasidim in Pilica (1830)
9 The Maskilic Prayer House in Suwalki (1833)
10 Tugendhold's Report on Smoking Tobacco in the Beit Midrash (1840)
11 Moszkowski's Memorandum (1845)
12 Rosen's Opinion of Moszkowski's Memorandum (1845)
13 Protocol of the Inquiry into Hasidic Persecutions in Lodz (1848)
14 Report on Tsadik Abraham Twersky of Turisk (1857)
15 Tugendhold on Abraham Twersky of Turisk (1857)
16 Aeolus and Phoebus (A Fable) (1863)
17 Tsadik Brukman and the Doctors in Piotrkow (1870)
18 Segel on Hasidism (1897) 19 Sokolow on Hasidism (1898)
Bibliography
Index of Persons Subject
Index
