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Full Description
Although the copper axes with central shaft-hole from south-eastern Europe have a long history of research, they have not been studied on a transnational basis since the 1960s. What has also been missing, is trying to use as many methods as possible to better understand their production, use and context. A database was compiled to find answers to questions regarding patterns of distribution, context, fragmentation and deformation. Aspects of production were considered through experimental archaeology, metallographic analysis and a re-discovered axe blank with missing shaft-hole. The typology was re-evaluated and modified to ensure comparability across modern national boundaries. The integration of these approaches yielded some interesting results. The great variability in shape clearly shows that a variety of production techniques were used, but it is difficult to relate these to specific geographic areas. In fact the typology as well as the practice of marking the axes indicate that traditional archaeological 'cultures' rarely correspond to axe types and marking practices. Instead there were different spheres of influence, some more localised and others much larger than specific ceramic traditions. These different levels of belonging show that it was a period of complex cultural patterns and interactions. The axes were part of these networks of daily life on many different levels from the utilitarian to the ritualised placement in burial contexts.
Contents
Introduction ;
2 Methodology ;
3 Theoretical Perspectives ;
4 Context and Background of the Copper Hammer-Axes and Axe-Adzes from South-Eastern Europe ;
5 History of Research ;
6 Copper Age Metallurgy and Shaft-Hole Axes from South-Eastern Europe - Evidence, Problems and Potential ;
7 The Experiments ;
8 Metallography ;
9 A New Typology for the Copper Hammer-Axes and Axe-Adzes ;
10 Patterns and Trends in the Copper Axe Assemblage ;
11 The Copper Axes and Living Practices during the Copper Age in South-Eastern Europe - Considerations and Conclusions ;
Appendix I - Typology ;
Appendix II - Axe Marks ;
Appendix III - GIS Distribution Maps ;
Appendix IV - Cluster Distribution Maps (from Krause 2003) ;
Bibliography
