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Full Description
This book provides sensible, practical assistance on pressure equipment. European Pressure Equipment has been written using the day-to-day practical experience of pressure vessel users, manufacturers and suppliers for specifiers, and users of pressure equipment. It has been compiled to provide practical information about all aspects of design, selection and use. The book is aimed at everyone who has technical problems as well as those wanting to know more about pressure equipment and the Pressure Equipment Directive (PED), and also those who want to know who supplies what, and from where in Europe.
Aimed at users of pressure vessels in industries such as the power, oil, petrochemical, chemical, pharmaceutical, food, utility and other industries, and also those involved in the specifying and purchasing of pressure vessels and ancillary equipment. The book will of course be of considerable use to designers and manufacturers.
Content include:
General
Legislation and standards
Specification of pressure vessels
Design
Manufacture
Inspection and testing
Installation, maintenance and in-service inspection
Units and conversions and materials data
Useful terms translated
Classification guide to manufacturers and suppliers
Reference index
Contents
General 1 Explanation of terms 3
General definitions 3
Organisations 3
Codes and standards 4
Mathematical notation 4
Materials 4
What is a pressure vessel? 4
Common types of pressure vessel 4
Proprietary types of pressure vessel 6
Heat exchangers 6
Steam boilers 7
Vessels for the nuclear power industry 7
Components of a pressure vessel 7
Shells 7
Heads or ends 7
Cones 8
Flanges 9
Nozzles 9
Manways and inspection openings 10
Tubesheets 10
Jackets and limpet coils 10
Supports 11
Stiffening rings 12
Internals 12
External attachments 12
Internals 12
Vortex breakers 12
Demisters 12
Baffles and weirs 13
Filter elements 13
Catalysts 13
Trays 13
Separation devices 14
Mixers and agitators 14
Accessories 14
Manways 14
Davits 15
Platforms and ladders 15
Relief valves and bursting discs 15
Instruments 15
Legislation and standards 17
Legislation 18
EC Directives 18
General Directive on Pressure Vessels 76/767/EEC 18
Gas Cylinders Directives 18
The Simple Pressure Vessels Directive 87/404/EEC 19
The Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC 20
Standards 24
Pressure vessel standards 24
Associated standards 28
Specification of pressure vessels 33
Design data 35
Pressure 35
Temperature 36
Cyclic loading 36
Non-pressure loadings 36
Fluid classification 37
The state of the fluid contents 37
The fluid group 37
Size and configuration 38
Size 38
Configuration 38
Nozzles and inspection openings 38
Materials and corrosion 40
Explanation of terms 40
Selection of materials 40
Typical materials 41
Corrosion and erosion 45
Material specifications 45
Material specification selection 54
Grouping systems for metallic materials 56
Cladding 56
Lining 56
Gaskets 56
Non-destructive examination (NDE) 57
Quotation assessment 57
References 58
Design 61
Introduction 63
Thickness 63
Loadings 63
Classification of load cases 63
Failure modes 63
Dimensionless parameters 63
Design-by-rule and design-by-analysis 63
Design stresses 64
Weld joint coefficient 64
Testing groups 64
Joint coefficients 65
Shells and heads - internal pressure 65
Cylindrical shells 65
Spherical shells 66
Dished ends 66
Conical shells 67
Comparison of thickness of shells and heads 68
Shells and heads - external pressure or vacuum 68
Cylindrical shells 68
Conical shells 69
Spherical shells 69
Dished ends 70
Nozzles and openings 70
Isolated nozzles and openings 70
Multiple openings 71
Limitations 71
Flanges 72
General 72
Standard flanges 72
Flanged joint behaviour 72
Flange styles 73
Bolts 73
Gaskets 74
Design methods 75
Other flange styles 76
Assembly and tightening 76
Fugitive emissions 76
Annex G method 76
Flat ends and stayed plates 78
Welded flat ends 78
Bolted flat ends 78
Nozzles and openings in flat ends 79
Vessels of non-circular cross-section 79
Unreinforced vessels without a stay 80
Unreinforced vessels with a central stay or partition plate 80
Reinforced vessels 80
Nozzles and openings 81
Tubesheets and perforated plates 81
Elastic theory method 82
Limit load analysis 83
Local loads 83
Background to local loads analysis 83
Local loads on nozzles 83
Line loads 85
Lifting lugs 86
Combined loadings 86
Sources of loading 86
Assessment of loading 89
Supports for horizontal and vertical vessels 89
Horizontal vessels on saddle supports 89
Vertical vessels with support legs 91
Vertical vessels on brackets 91
Vertical vessels with skirts 92
Vertical vessels with ring supports 93
Jacketed vessels 93
Jacketed vessel design 93
Limpet coils 94
Fatigue 94
General comments 94
Basis of fatigue assessment 95
Simplified assessment of fatigue life 95
Detailed fatigue assessment 98
References 98
Manufacture 99
Introduction 101
Materials 101
Procurement 101
Traceability 101
Storage of materials 102
Basic processes 102
Plate preparations 102
Edge trimming 102
Forming 103
Rolling 103
Pressing 103
Dished heads 104
Nozzles and stubs 105
Flanges 105
Machining 105
Tolerances 105
Alignment 105
Tolerances for vessels subject to internal pressure 106
Tolerances for vessels subject to external pressure 106
Structural tolerances 107
Welding 107
Welding terms and definitions 107
Weld procedure qualification 110
Welder qualification 112
Weld procedure specification 112
Welding processes 116
Cladding 125
Welding of materials 126
Weld preparations 126
Carbon steels 126
Chromium-molybdenum low alloy steels 129
Nickel steels 131
Stainless steels 131
Nickel base alloys 133
Aluminium and aluminium alloys 135
Titanium and titanium alloys 135
Useful welding references 136
Heat treatment 136
Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) 136
Normalising 136
Quench and tempering 136
Inspection and testing 137
Introduction 138
Non-destructive testing (NDT) 138
Visual examination 138
Penetrant testing (PT) 139
Magnetic particle testing (MT) 140
Radiographic testing (RT) 141
Ultrasonic testing (UT) 142
Eddy current testing (ET) 143
Acoustic emission monitoring (AE) 143
Pressure testing 144
Basic requirements 144
Testing procedure 144
Pneumatic and combined hydrostatic/pneumatic test 145
Standard test pressure 145
External pressure testing 146
Other testing 146
Leak testing 146
Pull out test 147
Material testing 147
Tensile testing 147
Impact testing 147
HIC (Hydrogen induced cracking) testing 147
Other material testing 147
Nameplates 147
Documentation 148
Certification 149
Painting 150
Carbon steel and low alloy steels 150
Stainless steels 150
Preparation for shipment 150
Installation, maintenance and in-service inspection 151
Horizontal equipment 152
Vertical vessels 152
Foundations 153
Horizontal equipment 155
Vertical vessels 155
Maintenance 155
In-service inspection and testing 155
Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 156
Risk based inspection (RBI) 157
Fitness-for-service 157
Units and conversions and materials data 159
SI, The International System of Units 161
Conversion factors for SI units 162
Plane angle 162
Length 162
Area 162
Volume 163
Time 163
Linear velocity 163
Linear acceleration 163
Angular velocity 163
Angular acceleration 163
Mass 163
Density 163
Force 164
Torque 164
Pressure, stress 164
Dynamic viscosity 164
Kinematic viscosity 164
Energy 165
Power 165
Flow 165
Temperature 165
Other conversion factors 166
Hardness 166
Material toughness 167
Materials data 168
Grouping system 168
Material density 168
Elastic modulus 168
Pipe and tube data 170
Dimensions of stainless steel pipes 170
Standard plate and wire gauges 170
Dimensions of carbon and low alloy steel pipes 170
Bolting 171
Properties of metric bolting 171
Properties of unified bolting 171
Volumes of solids 172
Useful terms translated 173
Classification guide to manufacturers and suppliers 185
Introduction 186
Names and addresses--manufacturers and suppliers 187
Pressure Vessels--manufacturers and suppliers 201
Heat Exchangers--manufacturers and suppliers 206
Air Receivers--manufacturers and suppliers 209
Filters--manufacturers and suppliers 210
Separators--manufacturers and suppliers 211
Special types of vessel--manufacturers and suppliers 212
Components and ancillary products--manufacturers and suppliers 213
Trade names--manufacturers and suppliers 216
Reference index 218
Index to advertisers 228
