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Full Description
During the last two decades the development in computer technology has been enormous. This development has of course also influenced the development of ecological models; the models of today are much larger. For instance 3D-models that were hardly used twenty years ago due to the required computer time are generally in use to day. Models considering the spatial distribution are now regularly used whenever a spatial distribution is of importance for the modelling results; it was impossible to run most spatial distribution models on personal computers twenty years ago. As a result, several new model types have emerged, and they are able to solve modeling problems formulated in the 1970s. Ecological modelling and informatics are two very recent sub-disciplines of ecology. They have opened-up a number of new possibilities for synthesizing and quantifying knowledge in ecology, which is urgently needed in modern environmental management.With the ecological crisis that can be foreseen in the 21st century due to a rapidly expanding population in many countries, rapidly decreasing natural resources in all countries and significant global climate changes, there will be a growing need for ecological modelling and informatics.
This handbook will contribute to wider development and application of quantitative ecological approaches, and gives an overview of all modelling types and network calculations that are in use today. The CD included with the book shows 12 different models/network calculations to illustrate the various types and also three softwares that make it possible to develop your own models. With the book in hand, the user has an excellent tool to understand what the various model types/network calculations can do and when to use which type as a tool to solve a specific problem. The CD with diagrams makes the tool unique and particularly illustrative.
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: sub-disciplines of ecology and the history of ecological modeling - History of the ecological sub-disciplines; The development of ecological modeling Chapter 2: Overview of the model types available for ecological modeling - Issues in model development; Increasing number of model types; Characteristics of the model types available today; Applicability of the model types Chapter 3: Ecological informatics: current scope and feature areas - Introduction; Feature areas; Future directions Chapter 4: Model making - Modelling procedure; Institutionalized modeling; When to apply IMM? Chapter 5: Ecopath with Ecosim: linking fisheries and ecology - Why ecosystem modeling in fisheries?; The Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) modeling approach; EwE modules and applications; EwE applications; Getting hold of the EwE software; Exercise: trawling cultivates the ocean bottom for squid Chapter 6: Surface modelling of population distribution - Introduction; YUE-SMPD; An application of YUE-SMPD; Discussion Chapter 7: Individual-based models - Introduction; Properties of individuals; Model construction; Case study 1: flocking behaviour; Case study 2: population dispersal hapter 8: A fuzzy approach to ecological modelling and data analysis - Imprecision, uncertainty and heterogeneity of environmental data; Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic in ecological applications; Fuzzy classification: a fuzzy clustering approach; Fuzzy modelling; Final remarks Chapter 9: Ecological informatics by means of neural, evolutionary and object-oriented computation - Introduction; Artificial neural networks; Conclusions Chapter 10: Hybridisation of process-based ecosystem models with evolutionary algorithms: multi-objective optimisation of process and parameter representations of the lake simulation library SALMO-OO - Introduction; Evolutionary algorithm for the optimisation of process representations and parameters; Optimisation of process representations in SALMO-OO by means of EA; Case study of parameter optimisation in SALMO-OO; Conclusions and future work Chapter 11: Biogeochemical models - The characteristics of biogeochemical models; The application of biogeochemical models; Biogeochemical models;Model of sub-surface wetland Chapter 12: Stochastic population dynamic models as probability networks - Introduction; Methods; Example models and their applications; Availability of models and software Chapter 13: Structurally dynamic models - Introduction: why structurally dynamic models?; Ecosystem characteristics; Structurally dynamic models; Development of SDM for Darwin's finches; Model of the ectoparasite-bird interactions Chapter 14: Ecotoxicological models - Introduction: characteristics of ecotoxicological models; Classification of ecotoxicological models; The application of parameter estimation methods in ecotoxicological modelling; Biogeochemical and ecotoxicological models: tylosine Chapter 15: Behavioral methods in ecotoxicology - Why behavioral methods in ecotoxicology?; Monitoring at the individual level; Modeling the gene-individual-population relationships Chapter 16: Cellular automata - Introduction to cellular automata; Development and application of EcoC A; Development and application of LYC; Discussion Chapter 17: Rule-based ecological model - Introduction to rule-based technique; Rule-based modelling of algal biomass in Dutch coastal waters; Integrated numerical and rule-based technique; Discussion; User guide for FuzzHab Chapter 18: Network calculations II: a user's manual for EcoNet - Introduction; How to create an EcoNet model; How to run an EcoNet model; Simulation and analysis results; Study of an EcoNet model Chapter 19: Mediating conceptual knowledge using qualitative reasoning - Introduction; Background and principles; Garp3: QR workbench; Examples of QR models; Assignments; Evaluating QR models; Conclusion and discussion Chapter 20: Models of flow pattern and mass distribution - Introduction; Mohid overview; Finite volumes; Boundaries; Hydrodynamic model; Transport models; Numerical modelling of water properties; Mohid's results; Conclusions Chapter 21: Applications of data mining in ecological modelling - Introduction; Data mining; Applications; Conclusions
