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During the Roman period, inland regions are often assumed to have been difficult to access, with imports and trade dropping off as distance from the coast increased. Long-distance maritime trade has been the subject of intensive study, but the complex dynamics that governed inland trade have not seen the same level of interest. Within this book, Northern Italy serves as a case study to explore the role transport cost and consumer choice played in the distribution of local and imported goods throughout inland regions. Using three contrasting, quantified datasets of amphorae, finewares, and marble (together forming the Material Data in Northern Italy (MADINI) dataset), chronological and spatial patterns in inland trade are analysed using aoristic analysis and hierarchical clustering. The results demonstrate that inland trade was far more complex than a simple regression of imports as distance from the coast increased. Clear zones of consumption across Northern Italy are seen in the distribution of the material data, often closely linked to transport costs. While the river network is shown to have been a crucial in facilitating inland transport, the significance of trans-mountain trade across the Alps and the Apennines has been underestimated. Areas furthest inland are often shown to have had the greatest diversity in the provenance and types of material, as opposed to coastal areas which demonstrate a more limited selection. The results highlight the diverse array of factors governing inland trade and the interplay between cost and choice in the decisions made by consumers.
Contents
Introduction
Past Research on Trade in Northern Italy
Towards a Quantitative Approach
The MADINI Dataset
Methods and Approaches
Transport and Infrastructure: The Backbone of Economic Networks
The Road Network
The River Network
The Canal Network
Interconnected Infrastructure
'The Richest District'. Production and Exports from Northern Italy
Transforming the Landscape: Adaptation and Exploitation
Staple Goods: Wine, Cereals, and Oil
Exports: Northern Italic Produce in the Roman World
Amphorae: Containers and Consumables
Zones of Production
Chronological Trends
Geographic Trends
Amphora-borne Trade in Northern Italy
Conclusions
Red-Slipped Finewares: Local and Long-Distance Consumption
Fineware Types and Zones of Production
Chronological Trends
Geographic Trends
Trade in Red-Slip Finewares in Northern Italy
Conclusion
Decorative Stone: Indulgence and Compromise
Zones of Extraction
Exploring Stone and Marble Trends
The Stone Trade in Northern Italy
Conclusions
Trade, Transport, and Economy in Northern Italy
Transport Costs and Networks
Zones of Consumption
Inland Trade: Costs and Other Factors
Chronological Variation: Amphorae and Finewares
A Disconnected and Isolated Region?
Conclusions
Appendix A: Fluvial Navigation in Northern Italy
Appendix B: Values Used in the Hierarchical Clustering
Amphorae
Red-Slipped Finewares
Decorative Stone
Bibliography
