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Who were the Dioskouroi? This study sets out to revisit the evidence and explore the Greeks' experience of the Spartan brothers Kastor and Polydeukes in image, myth and cult. Commonly equated with the Roman Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, first by Roman writers in antiquity and subsequently by their western successors, the Greek Dioskouroi are here examined as they were represented in the period before the Roman hegemony of Greece. The evidence is explored through a series of case studies, chosen to focus chiefly on the brothers' homelands in myth - Sparta, Messene and Argos in the Peloponnese. Also reviewed is their presence on Eastern Aegean shores, and on trading routes where Greeks and other mariners may have sought the protection of the Dioskouroi, above all Thera, Kyrene and Naukratis. Our journey of rediscovery also includes Delos, crossroads of cultures in antiquity. In the process, some fresh perspectives have emerged, not least that Kastor and Polydeukes may not always have been synonymous with the Dioskouroi and, when they were, that appellation may have carried a specific and votive meaning.
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1. Starting out: the research and its aims
Introducing Kastor and Polydeukes, the Greek Dioskouroi
Designing the study
Methodology
The context of past scholarship
Chapter 2. First steps on the journey: searching for the Dioskouroi in Greece from the time of Homer
Who were the Dioskouroi?
Sources for myths of the Dioskouroi: literature, vases, and temple decoration
Images of the Dioskouroi from Greece
Buildings and sacred space
Summing up
Chapter 3. The Dioskouroi at home: in the Peloponnese
An introductory tour
Sparta
The literary evidence for cult
Pausanias at Sparta
The archaeological evidence for sacred space at Sparta
Votive reliefs and inscriptions
Characteristics of the Dioskouroi at Sparta
Messene
The archaeological and literary context
Sources for history and cult at Messene before Epaminondas: interpreting Pausanias
A Messenian mythography of the Dioskouroi
The archaeological evidence for cult of the Dioskouroi
Sanctuary Ω-Ω and the Dioskouroi
Argos
The literary record
The equestrian images of the Dioskouroi at Argos
The archaeological evidence
Cult of the Fanakes and the Dioskouroi at Argos
The cavalier relief
Cult of the Dioskouroi at Argos and in the Argolid
Chapter 4. The Dioskouroi abroad: some early appearances in the eastern Mediterranean
An introduction
Thera
Kyrene
The literary evidence for cult of the Dioskouroi
The archaeological evidence for a sanctuary of the Dioskouroi at Kyrene
A Dioskourion at Kyrene?
The Dioskouroi, Dioskoureia and dining
Kyrene, Sparta and Thera
The provenance of cults of the Dioskouroi at Kyrene
Naukratis
Cult of the Dioskouroi at Naukratis: gathering the evidence
The pottery finds
A temple of the Dioskouroi?
Interpreting the finds
Summing up
Thasos
Delos
Overview
The evidence for cult
The evidence for a Dioskourion
Additional material evidence for cult of the Dioskouroi on Delos
Cult of the Dioskouroi on Delos
The evidence from Delos in the wider context
Chapter 5. Journey's end
Drawing together the threads
Summing up: reflections on the journey
Bibliography
Index
