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Full Description
Ayatollah Mohammad Hossein Nai'ni was perhaps the most important theoretician of Iran's Constitutional Revolution (1905-11). Among his myriad influential works was Tanbih al-Umma wa Tanzih al-Milla (Enlightenment of the Community and Purification of Religion), published in 1909 at the height of the revolution and often cited as one of the most religiously authoritative expositions of democratic Islam. Shortly after the end of the civil war it was supressed and was not unearthed until more than 40 years later by Ayatollah Mahmoud Taleqhani, who published a new edition complete with introduction and extensive annotations in 1955. This later interpretation of Nai'ni's work is arguably almost as important as the original itself and Taleqhani's analysis was highly influential in debates leading to the 1979 Revolution and the foundation of the Islamic Republic.
Nai'ni's original text and Taleqhani's later edition and annotations are both here reproduced in English for the first time, alongside an authoritative socio-historical introduction and commentary to contextualise these important and divisive agents of reform and revolution. The volume reassesses their complex legacy today and sheds vital light onto the two modern revolutions which bookended Iran's twentieth century and the subsequent, and unfolding, post-modern reformation. This unique book is essential reading for understanding Iran, past and present, and political Islam.
Contents
Acknowledgments
1. Editor's historical introduction: Political order and the evolution of Twelver Shi`ism from a sociohistorical perspective (Mohammad Nafissi)
1.1The significance of Tanbih
1.1.1 Religious reform, clerical agency and modern contexts
1.2 Islam's sacred foundations and the rise of Twelver Shi`ism
1.2.1 A comparative overview of Sunni reformation
1.2.2 The theopolitics of Twelver Shi`ism: Ideological opposition and political accommodation
1.2.3 The rise of the Safavids, (irresponsible) public Shi`ism and dual governance
1.3 Modernity and religious reform
1.3.1 Defeat and renewal: With or without the clergy?
1.3.2 The Shi`i hierocracy: Allies of rulers and/or leaders of the nation?
1.3.3 The rise, fall and dynamic incorporation of religious dissent
1.3.4 From the Tobacco Rebellion to the Constitutional Refolution
2. Tanbih al-Umma wa Tanzih al-Milla: Hokumat az Nazar-e Islam
Enlightenment of the Community and Purification of the Religion: Governance from the Perspective of Islam
2.a. Foreword (1): Grand Ayatollah Akhund Mohammad Kazem Khorasani (1909)
2.b. Foreword (2): Grand Ayatollah Shaykh `Abdollah Mazandarani (1909)
2.1 Introduction by Ayatollah Mahmoud Taleqhani (1955)
2.2 Author's foreword
2.3 Introduction - An analysis of the nature of tyranny and constitutional state, examination of the constitution and the national consultative assembly and clarification of the meaning of liberty and equality.
2.4 Chapter 1 - Governance from the perspective of religions and sages
2.5 Chapter 2 - Governance in the era of occultation
2.6 Chapter 3 - Governance and constitutionalism
2.7 Chapter 4 - Clarification of distortions and temptations
2.8 Chapter 5 - On validity, legitimacy and conditions of parliamentary representation and intervention
2.9 Conclusion
2.9.1 Despotic forces
2.9.2 Overcoming despotism
3. Editor's commentary: Tanbih, refolution and counter-refolution (Mohammad Nafissi)
3.1 The foundations of Tanbih
3.1.1 The cosmopolitan perspective and the renewal of Islamic rationalism
3.1.2 Democracy and the unity of the umma
3.1.3 The historical decline of Islamdom and the rise of Christendom
3.1.4 Secular democracy, evolutionary Shi`ism and the Fundamental Law of 1906
3.2 Counter-refolution and theo-autocracy
3.3 Theodemocratic guardianship and the Supplement of 1907
3.4 Postscript 1: Na'ini after Tanbih and the end of Iran's first refolution
3.5. Postscript 2: Tanbih after Na'ini and Iran's second refolution
