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Full Description
According to archaeological evidence gleaned over more than 70 years, Mari appears to have been the most important city in northern Mesopotamia from its foundation at about 2950 BC to 1760 BC. Situated at the heart of a river system and progressively linked with an overland network, Mari was the city that controlled the relations of central and southern Mesopotamia with the regions bordering the Taurus and Zagros mountains to the north and east and the Mediterranean coastal zone to the west. Mari drew its power from this situation, and the role it played accounts for the particularity of its features, positioned as it was between the Syrian, Assyrian, Iranian, Babylonian and Sumerian worlds.The evidence shows that there was not one city of Mari, but three successive cities, each having specific features, although there is a striking permanence in the original forms. The first, City I, founded in about 2950 BC, was based on remarkable principles of city planning, including a broad regional development with the creation of canals for irrigation and transport, one more than 120 km long. In the 23rd century BC City II was founded using impressive technology in city planning. Probably destroyed by Naram-Sin of Akkad about 2200 BC, it was entirely reconstructed as City III by a new dynasty, the Shakkanakku. In the 19th century BC this was replaced by an Amorite dynasty, which ruled until Hammurabi of Babylon destroyed Mari in 1760 BC. The diversity of the information and material that has been recovered confirms Mari's place as one of the best sources for understanding the brilliant Mesopotamian civilisation that developed between the beginning of the 3rd and the end of the 1st millennium BC.
Contents
PrefaceAcknowledgementsChapter I: Presentation of the siteThe tellThe environmentHistory of the archaeological explorationOperations in the main excavation areasConclusion: the history of Mari illuminated by archaeologyChapter II: The foundation of Mari and regional developmentThe foundation of the city on the Holocene terraceThe canalsOrganization of the kingdom of MariChapter III: The historical stagesThe foundation of Mari and City I (Early Dynastic I-II, 2950-2650[?])The re-foundation of Mari and City II (Early Dynastic III and Akkadian 2550-2220)The reconstruction of Mari and City III (Shakkanakku and Amorite periods, 2200-1760)Chapter IV: The three cities and urbanismMorphological analysis of the tellThe defensive system and its developmentThe urbanism of City IThe urbanism of City IIThe urbanism of City III under the ShakkanakkuThe modifications of the Amorite periodChapter V: The development of domestic architectureThe houses of City IUrban domestic architecture in City IIHouses and residences in City IIIChapter VI: The religious monumentsThe religious organisation of City IIThe Mari model of the temple in City IIThe Massif Rouge and its temple-towerActivity in the temples of City IIThe religious reorganisation of City IIIFrom City II to City III: maintaining traditionThe innovations of City IIIDevelopment of foundation rites from City I to City IIIConclusion: originality of the sacred architecture at MariChapter VII: The palacesThe palace-sanctuary of City IIThe"phantom" palace (beginning of City III)The Great Royal Palace of City IIIThe Little Eastern Palace of City IIIChapter VIII: The development of funerary practicesBurials in City IBurials in City IIBurials in the period of the ShakkanakkuBurials during the Amorite dynastyBurials in the Khana periodBurials in the Middle Assyrian periodBurials in the village of the Seleucid periodChapter IX: Objects and installations of everyday lifeNature of the material foundImportance of economic activities and artisanal productionThe intensity of relations and contacts woven by MariChapter X: Court art, sacred art, popular artArt in the period of City IArt in the period of City IIArt in the period of the Shakkanakku (beginning of City III)Art in the period of the Amorite dynastyArt in the Middle Assyrian periodChapter XI: The historical data provided by archaeologyGlossaryBibliography
