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Full Description
Electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) networks carry electricity from generation sites to demand sites. With the increasing penetration of decentralised and renewable energy systems, in particular variable power sources such as wind turbines, and the rise in demand-side technologies, the importance of innovative products has never been greater. Eco-design approaches and standards in this field are aimed at improving the performance as well as the overall sustainability of T&D network equipment. This multidisciplinary reference provides coverage of developments and lessons-learned in the fields of eco-design of innovation from product-specific issues to system approaches, including case studies featuring problem-solving methodologies applicable to electricity transmission and distribution networks.
Contents
Related titlesDedicationList of contributorsWoodhead Publishing Series in EnergyAcknowledgementsIntroductionPart One. Eco-design and innovation in electricity transmission and distribution networks1. The implications of climate change and energy security for global electricity supply: The Energy (R)evolution1.1. Greenhouse emissions and climate change1.2. Primary energy resources1.3. The fossil fuels1.4. Carbon dioxide capture and storage and clean coal technologies1.5. Uranium resources and nuclear energy1.6. Contribution of all fossil and nuclear fuels 1.7. What is the solution for saving the planet?1.8. Development of global energy demand1.9. The hydrogen economy 1.10. Conclusions2. Key performance indicators in assessing new technology for electricity transmission and distribution networks2.1. Introduction2.2. Key performance indicators to assess the environmental impact of transmission and distribution networks2.3. Test networks2.4. A methodology for evaluating KPIs2.5. Results3. Improving European Union ecodesign standardization3.1. Standardization policy3.2. Product ecodesign3.3. Ecodesign methodology3.4. Ecodesign for energy-related products: The new scope of the ErP directive3.5. Applying ecodesign directive to electricity transmission and distribution technology: power transformers3.6. Methodology for ecodesign of energy-related products (MeerP)3.7. Two European initiatives on resource efficiency and critical raw materials3.8. The product environmental footprint3.9. Future trendsReferences and further readingList of acronyms used4. Approaches for multi-objective optimization in the ecodesign of electric systems4.1. Introduction4.2. Ecodesign principles4.3. Matching models and algorithms4.4. Multi-objective algorithms and techniques4.5. Optimization problem transformation techniques4.6. Summary: using different techniques5. Strategic environmental assessment of power plants and electricity transmission and distribution networks5.1. Introduction5.2. SEA in different countries5.3. The contribution of SEA to sustainability5.4. SEA in the power planning process5.5. Stages of SEA5.6. SEA indicators: measuring differences within power plan alternatives5.7. Conclusions and future trends5.8. Sources of further information and advicePart Two. Application and assessment of advanced equipment for electricity transmission and distribution networks6. Life cycle assessment of equipment for electricity transmission and distribution networks6.1. Introduction6.2. Introduction to life cycle assessment6.3. Applying LCA in practice: power transformer6.4. Applying LCA in practice: a 765 kV AC transmission system6.5. Conclusions7. Superconducting DC cables to improve the efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution networks: An overview7.1. Introduction7.2. Superconducting cable systems: key elements7.3. Superconducting materials7.4. Cable conductors and electrical insulation7.5. Cable cryostat7.6. Cable terminations and joints7.7. Cryogenic machine7.8. Superconductive cable system configurations7.9. Power dissipation sources in the superconducting system7.10. Power losses from AC ripples7.11. Comparing power dissipation in a DC superconducting system to a conventional system7.12. Opportunities for DC superconducting cables7.13. Conclusions8. Improving energy efficiency in railway powertrains8.1. Introduction8.2. Upstream design of an onboard energy storage system8.3. Techniques to optimize the design of the ESS8.4. Downstream optimization of a transformer and its rectifier8.5. Techniques to optimize the design of the transformer and rectifier8.6. Conclusion9. Reducing the environmental impacts of power transmission lines9.1. Introduction9.2. Environmental challenges relating to grid lines9.3. Environmental legislation and guidelines9.4. The importance of stakeholder engagement9.5. The challenges of implementing nature legislation9.6. Biodiversity along grid lines9.7. Best practice approaches9.8. Conclusion10. Ecodesign of equipment for electricity distribution networks10.1. Introduction10.2. Legislation and standards in Europe relating to energy-efficient design10.3. The product environmental profile program for energy-efficient design10.4. Typical electricity distribution network equipment10.5. End-of-life management of electricity distribution network equipment10.6. Case study: managing the recycling of medium-voltage switchgear10.7. Meeting PEP and LCA requirements for electricity distribution network equipment10.8. Case study: LCA of medium-voltage switchgear10.9. Future trendsList of acronymsPart Three. Application and assessment of advanced wind energy systems11. Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis in wind energy systems11.1. Introduction11.2. Wind turbines11.3. Maintenance theory11.4. Condition monitoring of WTs11.5. Sensory signals and signal processing methods11.6. ConclusionsList of acronyms12. Development of permanent magnet generators to integrate wind turbines into electricity transmission and distribution networks12.1. Introduction12.2. Wind turbine power conversion: the induction generator12.3. Wind turbine power conversion: the synchronous generator12.4. Improving reliability: the direct drive permanent magnet generator12.5. Optimizing direct drive permanent magnet generators12.6. Comparing different configurations12.7. Conclusion and future trends13. Advanced AC and DC technologies to connect offshore wind farms into electricity transmission and distribution networks13.1. Introduction13.2. Wind power development and wind turbine technologies13.3. Wind farm configuration and wind power collection13.4. Multiterminal HVDC for offshore wind power transmission13.5. Control of centralised AC/DC converter for offshore wind farms with induction generators13.6. Future trends14. DC grid architectures to improve the integration of wind farms into electricity transmission and distribution networks14.1. Introduction14.2. Benefits of using a pure DC grid14.3. Current wind farm architectures14.4. Case study to compare different architectures14.5. Strengths and weaknesses of different architectures14.6. Availability estimation14.7. Overall comparison14.8. ConclusionsPart Four. Smart grid and demand-side management for electricity transmission and distribution networks15. Improved energy demand management in buildings for smart grids: The US experience15.1. Introduction15.2. Smart energy infrastructure: an overview15.3. Core technologies15.4. Architectures for building-to-grid communications15.5. Building applications15.6. Case studies: building-to-grid applications for peak load reduction15.7. Case studies: building-to-grid applications for integration of renewable power sources15.8. Conclusions and future trends16. Smart meters for improved energy demand management: The Nordic experience16.1. Introduction16.2. The Schneider Electric experience of AMI deployment in Sweden and Finland16.3. Planning the deployment of a massive AMI16.4. Rollout of the AMI platform into milestone areas16.5. Launching the operation of the AMI platform16.6. Leveraging a smart metering infrastructure to add value16.7. Conclusions17. Managing charging of electric vehicles in electricity transmission and distribution networks17.1. Introduction17.2. EV charging: issues and opportunities for the distribution grid17.3. Impact of FR charging strategies on the distribution grid17.4. Smart VR charging strategies: a key paradigm for electric transportation17.5. Smart grid for vehicle charging: a case study17.6. Conclusions18. The Serhatkoey photovoltaic power plant and the future of renewable energy on the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus: Integrating solar photovoltaic and wind farms into electricity transmission and distribution networks18.1. Background18.2. Electricity sector18.3. The solar project18.4. The tender process and awarding of the contract18.5. Construction of the plant18.6. Performance of the plant18.7. Recommendations for future improvements to the Serhatkoey power plant18.8. The Intergovernmental Programme for Climate Change18.9. The future18.10. ConclusionsIndexPlate Captions List
