- ホーム
- > 洋書
- > 英文書
- > History / World
Full Description
The long path to the Berlin Wall began in 1945, when Josef Stalin instructed the Communist Party to take power in the Soviet occupation zone while the three Western allies secured their areas of influence. When Germany was split into separate states in 1949, Berlin remained divided into four sectors, with West Berlin surrounded by the GDR but lingering as a captivating showcase for Western values and goods. Following a failed Soviet attempt to expel the allies from West Berlin with a blockade in 1948-49, a second crisis ensued from 1958-61, during which the Soviet Union demanded once and for all the withdrawal of the Western powers and the transition of West Berlin to a "Free City." Ultimately Nikita Khrushchev decided to close the border in hopes of halting the overwhelming exodus of East Germans into the West.
Tracing this path from a German perspective, Manfred Wilke draws on recently published conversations between Khrushchev and Walter Ulbricht, head of the East German state, in order to reconstruct the coordination process between these two leaders and the events that led to building the Berlin Wall.
Contents
Foreword
List of Abbreviations
Map of Germany, 1949-89
Map of Berlin, 1949-89
Introduction
PART I: THE POLARIZATION OF POSTWAR EUROPE
Chapter 1. The Allied War Conferences and Europe's Postwar Order
The United States of America and the Anti-Hitler Coalition's Goals for Peace: The Atlantic Charter of 1941
The Soviet Precedent in 1944 Poland and Churchill's Warning about the Iron Curtain in 1945
Yalta: Controlling Germany without Dismembering It
Germany's Forced Reorientation
Liberation and Occupation Rule
The Question of Guilt
Emerging from Catastrophe: Konrad Adenauer, Kurt Schumacher, and Walter Ulbricht
Potsdam 1945
Chapter 2. New Borders for Germany
Poland's Borders and the Separation of Austria and the Eastern Provinces
The Demarcation Lines of the Occupation Zones
Reparations Borders
Berlin: The Four-Sector City
Interzonal Trade: An Economic Safety Pin Holding Together the Divided Country
The Interzonal Pass: First Efforts to Control Travel to and from the East
The Inter-German Emigration Movement, 1945-1989/90
Chapter 3. Two German States
Conflicts over the German Party System and the Democratic Elections of 1946
The Establishment of Communist Party Rule in the Soviet Zone
Moscow Plans, 1944
The Soviet Military Administration and the Establishment of a Communist Party Dictatorship
The German Economic Commission: Preparations to Found the New State
The "Party of Power": Party Cleansing and the Stalinization of the SED
The Founding of the GDR
The Federal Republic of Germany: The West German State
Preliminary Decisions at the Conference of Foreign Ministers, Paris, 1946
The Bizone: A Decision to Rebuild Germany
Fundamental Decisions for the West German State
Currency Reform and the Social Market Economy
A Constituent Assembly for West Germany
The Marshall Plan
The European Coal and Steel Community
The Founding of the Federal Republic and the German Basic Law
Chapter 4. Western Integration and the Establishment of Socialism: Competing Systems in a Divided Germany
The Federal Republic: Western Integration and the Reclamation of German Sovereignty
The Federal Republic's Alignment to the West and Stalin's Peace Note of 1952
The GDR in 1952: "Building the Foundations of Socialism"
Cementing the Zonal Border and Sealing Off West Berlin from Its Surrounding Area
Building Socialism in the GDR and Relations to the Federal Republic
Chapter 6. The End of the Postwar Period: The Geneva Summit and the Transition to "Peaceful Coexistence" in Germany
The Geneva Summit of 1955
The Beginning of Diplomatic Relations between the Federal Republic and the Soviet Union, and the "Hallstein Doctrine"
Peaceful Coexistence in a Divided Germany: The Two-State Doctrine, Plans for a Confederation, and the Rapacki Plan
Sputnik and the End of America's "Massive Retaliation" Strategy
Nuclear Missiles for the Bundeswehr?
The Founding of the European Economic Community
PART II: THE FIGHT FOR BERLIN
Chapter 6. The First Berlin Crisis, 1948-49
Berlin's Historical Significance for the Division of Germany
Pivotal Conflicts over Berlin's Political Order after the End of the War
Berlin as a Soviet Lever to Shift the Zones of Influence in Germany
The Conflict over Berlin's Currency Reform, the Blockade, and the Airlift
The Division of the City
The Ring around Berlin: A New Border
Crisis Management as Super-Power Diplomacy
Chapter 7. Stalin's Death and the First Existential Crisis of the GDR: 17 June 1953
A "New Course" for the SED
The SED State's Crisis of Legitimacy: 17 June 1953
The Soviet Union Guarantees the Existence of the SED State
Western Initiatives toward New Negotiations on Germany
Recognition and Stabilization of the GDR
Chapter 8. A Prelude to the Second Berlin Crisis: The SED Party Congress
The Fifth Party Congress of the SED, 1958
The Question of a Peace Treaty with Germany
Khrushchev Demands a Peace Agreement and a Solution to the "Westberlin Problem"
SED Propaganda and the West Berlin Elections of 1958
Chapter 9. The Soviet Union's 1958 Berlin Ultimatum
A Bolt of Lightning: Khrushchev's Speech on 10 November 1958
Khrushchev's Motives
The Berlin Ultimatum
Multiple Reactions from the West
Chapter 10. Negotiations over a Peace Treaty and the "Free City of Westberlin"
Moscow Drafts
Ulbricht's Plans: Full Sovereignty and a Solution to the "Westberlin Problem"
The Transfer of Soviet Rights in Berlin to the Government of the GDR
The "Free City of Westberlin": The Statute by the SED
The Geneva Conference of Foreign Ministers, 1959
Chapter 11. The Second Berlin Crisis and a Shift in the Cold War
The International Character of the Second Berlin Crisis
The Soviet-Chinese Schism and the Position of the SED
Khrushchev's Trip to the United States in 1959
The Summit that Khrushchev Cut Short: Paris 1960
Chapter 12. Crisis in the GDR, Changes to the Border Regime, and Interzonal Trade
A Supply Crisis and the Exodus Movement from the GDR
Border Controls and Special Permits to Enter East Berlin
The Conflict over Interzonal Trade
Negotiations on Interzonal Trade
Chapter 13. Ulbricht: Resolve the "Westberlin Question" Now!
The Status Quo in Berlin before Khrushchev's Summit with President Kennedy
Ulbricht Pushes for a Solution to the "Westberlin Question," 1961
Khrushchev's Timeframe in March 1961
Chapter 14. The Vienna Summit, 1961: The Second Soviet Ultimatum
Moscow's Expectations before the Summit
Kennedy: Balancing Détente and an Assertion of the Western Positions
Confrontation at the Summit: Khrushchev's "Vienna Ultimatum"
The Outcome: A Policy of Force
The SED's Reaction to Khrushchev's "Vienna Ultimatum"
Chapter 15. The Decision to Close the Sector Border in Berlin
"No One Has the Intention of Building a Wall"
Ulbricht Demands Closing the Sector Border in Berlin
Secrecy and Conspiratorial Communication
Kennedy's Three Essentials and Khrushchev's Response
Chapter 16. The Construction of the Berlin Wall, 1961: Germany's Division Gains a Symbol
"They Will Feel Your Power!": Khrushchev and Ulbricht on the Wall's Construction
West Germany Is Superior: The GDR's Economic Crisis
Legitimizing the Border Closure through the Warsaw Pact
The Operation to Close the Border: Planning and Troop Deployment
13 August 1961: The Division of Berlin
The SED Mobilizes its Party against "Desertion of the Republic"
The Decision by the Council of Ministers on 12 August
Barbed Wire through Berlin
Regulations at the Border
The Border Regime: The Wall and the Command to Shoot
PART III: THE END OF THE SECOND BERLIN CRISIS
Chapter 17. Negotiations, but No War!
13 August and the Berlin Crisis: Berlin-Bonn-Washington
Khrushchev and the German Question after the Construction of the Wall
Conflicting Positions among the Western Powers, and Kennedy's Decision to Negotiate
Chapter 18. A Wall in Berlin but No Peace Treaty with the GDR
The Retraction of Khrushchev's Ultimatum
Military Exercises for an Unwanted War over Berlin
Ulbricht Demands a Peace Treaty
The Confrontation of Tanks at Checkpoint Charlie in October 1961
Khrushchev Approves Strengthening the Border
Exploratory Discussions on a Berlin Settlement
Khrushchev's Change of Course: Negotiations, but No Agreement
Chapter 19. Repercussions for Germany and a Shift in Trouble Spots
Ulbricht and the New Situation
Adenauer's Conflict with Kennedy over the Transit Routes to West Berlin
Germany Policy, or the Importance of Holding On
From the Berlin Crisis to the Cuban Missile Crisis
Conclusion: Who Was Responsible for the Berlin Wall?
Bibliography
List of Persons
About the Author
