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Full Description
Following the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878, the Treaty of Berlin (1878) - the final act of the Congress of Berlin - was enacted by the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire. The treaty recognised the complete independence of the principalities of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, and the autonomy of Bulgaria. The three newly independent states subsequently proclaimed themselves kingdoms - Romania in 1881, Serbia in 1882, and Montenegro in 1910 - and in 1908 Bulgaria proclaimed full independence and Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, sparking a major European crisis.
Representing the latest scholarship in this field of study, War and Diplomacy documents the proceedings of a conference on the Treaty of Berlin that was held at the University of Utah in 2010. The reorganisation of country borders in central and eastern Europe after the Treaty of Berlin led to the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and eventually to World War I. During this period the three great empires - Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian - were falling apart at the same time that the nation-state in the Balkans was rising. This volume provides an important contribution to understanding the historical background of these events. War and Diplomacy documents the proceedings of the first of three conferences: 1878 Treaty of Berlin (in 2010) Balkan Wars (in 2011) World War I (in 2012) Proceedings of the final two conferences will also be published by the University of Utah Press.
Contents
List of Illustrations
A Note on Transliteration
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Laying the Foundations for Future Instability,
M. Hakan Yavuz and Peter Sluglett
Part I. European Diplomacy and the Exclusion of the Ottoman "Other"
1. The Transformation of "Empire" through Wars and Reforms: Integration vs. Oppression, M. Hakan Yavuz
2. European Equilibrium or Asiatic Balance of Power?: The Ottoman Search for Security in the Aftermath of the Congress of Berlin, Feroze A. K. Yasamee
3. Benevolent Contempt: Bismarck's Ottoman Policy, Sean McMeekin
4. The Ottoman Eastern Question and the Problematic Origins of Modern Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide, and Humanitarian Interventionism in Europe and the Middle East, Mujeeb R. Khan
Part II. The Emergence of the Balkan State System
5. Muslim and Orthodox Resistance against the Berlin Peace Treaty in the Balkans, Mehmet Hacisalihoglu
6. The Establishment of Serbian Local Government in the Counties of NiŠ, Vranje, Toplica, and Pirot after the Congress of Berlin, Miroslav Svircevic
7. The Ottoman Wrong Horse?: The Question of Bosnia and Hercegovina in the Last Phase of the Eastern Crisis, Edin RaduŠic'
8. The Berlin Treaty, Bosnian Muslims, and Nationalism, Aydin Babuna
9. Agents of Post-Ottoman States: The Precariousness of the Berlin Congress Boundaries of Montenegro and How to Define/Confine People, Isa Blumi
10. A Reassessment of the Macedonian Question, 1878-1908, GÜl Tokay
Part III. The Beginning of the End in Eastern Anatolia: The Massacres of Armenians
11. Patterns of Conflict and Violence in Eastern Anatolia Leading Up to the Russo-Turkish War and the Treaty of Berlin, Brad Dennis
12. From Millet-i Sadika to Millet-i Asiya: AbdÜlhamid II and Armenians, 1878-1909, Garabet K. Moumdjian
13. Template for Destruction: The Congress of Berlin and the Evolution of Ottoman Counterinsurgency Practices, Edward J. Erickson
14. The Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments: AbdÜlhamid II and the Eastern Anatolian Tribes, Bayram Kodaman
Part IV. Ethno-religious Cleansing and Population Transfers in the Balkans and the Caucasus
15. Ignoring the People: The Effects of the Congress of Berlin, Justin McCarthy
16. The Treaty of Berlin and the Tragedy of the Settlers from the Three Cities, Mustafa Tanriverdi
17. Two Different Images: Bulgarian and English Sources on the Batak Massacre, Tetsuya Sahara
18. The Rhodope Resistance and Commission of 1878, Ömer Turan
Conclusion: On the Road Back from Berlin, Frederick F. Anscombe
Glossary
Chronology of Ottoman History (1828-1909)
Bibliography
List of Contributors
Index