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The great Russian writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008) is widely recognized as one of the most consequential human beings of the twentieth century. Through his writings and moral witness, he illumined the nature of totalitarianism and helped bring down an 'evil empire.' His courage and tenacity are acknowledged even by his fiercest critics. Yet the world-class novelist, historian, and philosopher (one uses the latter term in its capacious Russian sense) has largely been eclipsed by a caricature that has transformed a measured and self-critical patriot into a ferocious nationalist, a partisan of local self-government into a quasi-authoritarian, a man of faith and reason into a narrow-minded defender of Orthodoxy. The caricature, widely dispensed in the press, and too often taken for granted, gets in the way of a thoughtful and humane confrontation with the "other" Solzhenitsyn, the true Solzhenitsyn, who is a writer and thinker of the first rank and whose spirited defense of liberty is never divorced from moderation. It is to the recovery of this Solzhenitsyn that this book is dedicated. This book above all explores philosophical, political, and moral themes in Solzhenitsyn's two masterworks, The Gulag Archipelago and The Red Wheel, as well as in his great European novel In the First Circle. We see Solzhenitsyn as analyst of revolution, defender of the moral law, phenomenologist of ideological despotism, and advocate of "resisting evil with force." Other chapters carefully explore Solzhenitsyn's conception of patriotism, his dissection of ideological mendacity, and his controversial, but thoughtful and humane discussion of the "Jewish Question" in the Russian - and Soviet twentieth century. Some of Solzhenitsyn's later writings, such as the "binary tales" that he wrote in the 1990s, are subject to critically appreciative analysis. And a long final chapter comments on Solzhenitsyn's July 2007 Der Spiegel interview, his last word to Russia and the West. He is revealed to be a man of faith and freedom, a patriot but not a nationalist, and a principled advocate of self-government for Russia and the West. A final Appendix reproduces the beautiful Introduction ("The Gift of Incarnation") that the author's widow, Natalia Solzhenitsyn, wrote to the 2009 Russian abridgment of The Gulag Archipelago, a work that is now taught in Russian high schools.
Contents
ForewordChapter 1An Anguished' Love of Country: Solzhenitsyn's Paradoxical Middle PathThe Ideological Deformation of RealityRecovering Truth and MemoryA False ConsensusA "Lucid" Love of CountryAn Exacting PatriotismA War on Two FrontsA New MissionSelf-Inflicted WoundsThe Pathologies of the Russian RightOrthodox Universalism: The Other ExtremeThe Question of ToneA Theorist of Self-GovernmentBeyond Tired PolemicsChapter 2"The Active Struggle Against Evil": Reflections on a Theme in SolzhenitsynVorotyntsev and StolypinA Pusillanimous MonarchMoral Freedom and Political LibertyThe Soul of Man Under SocialismThe Camp RevoltsResisting Evil With ForceChapter 3Nicholas II and the Coming of RevolutionConclusionChapter 4The Artist as Thinker: Reflections In the First CircleThe Three PillarsThe Two Versions"But We Are Only Given One Conscience, Too"A Crucial EncounterThe Decisive MetanoiaBeyond Fanaticism and SkepticismThe Remarkable Continuities of Sotzhenitsyn's ReflectionChapter 5A Phenomenology of Ideological Despotism: Reflections on Solzhenitsyn's "Our Muzzled Freedom"An Introduction: Theorizing TotalitarianismThe Soul and Barbed Wire"Free Life" in a Totalitarian RegimeConstant FearSecrecy and Mistrust Complicity in the Web of RepressionBetrayal as a Form of ExistenceCorruption versus NobilityThe Lie as a Form of ExistenceClass CrueltySlave PsychologyConclusion: Remembering EverythingChapter 6Two Critics of the Ideological "Lie": Raymond Aron's Encounter with Aleksandr SolzhenitsynLetter to the Soviet LeadersA Parisian EncounterSolzhenitsyn and SartreMisconceptions About RussiaTwo Spiritual Families?Chapter 7Solzhenitsyn, Russia, and the Jews RevisitedFrom Belligerence to UnderstandingRejecting the Temptation to BlameRenegades and RevolutionariesThe Fortunes of Soviet Jewry 131 Repentance and ResponsibilitySolzhenitsyn's Moral ChallengeThe HolocaustSolzhenitsyn's Non PossumChapter 8 The Binary Tales: The Soul of Man in the Soviet -and Russian-Twentieth Century Chapter 9 Freedom, Faith and the Moral Foundations of Self-Government: Solzhenitsyn's Final Word to Russia and the WestA Life Rooted in ConscienceA State PrizeThe Prospects for RepentanceAn Archival RevolutionTwo RevolutionsTwo Hundred Years TogetherLearning About the PastThree LeadersBuilding Democracy From the Bottom UpA Meaningful OppositionParties and Popular RepresentationMaking Room for Small BusinessesA "National Idea"?Russia and the WestThe Future of Russian LiteratureThe Church in Russia TodayA Man of Faith and ReasonThree PrayersAn Encounter With the Polish Pope 1Orthodoxy and the Neo-Pagan TemptationA Calm and Balanced Attitude Toward DeathNotesAppendix 1"Really Existing Socialism" and the Archival RevolutionWooden WordsRed HolocaustBlack BookGulag MemoirsTestaments to Violence and LiesHistory and the Totalitarian TemptationAppendix 2Introduction: Returning to 'The Gulag'The Gift of IncarnationIndex
