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End-to-End QoS Network DesignQuality of Service for Rich-Media & Cloud Networks Second EditionNew best practices, technical strategies, and proven designs for maximizing QoS in complex networks This authoritative guide to deploying, managing, and optimizing QoS with Cisco technologies has been thoroughly revamped to reflect the newest applications, best practices, hardware, software, and tools for modern networks.This new edition focuses on complex traffic mixes with increased usage of mobile devices, wireless network access, advanced communications, and video. It reflects the growing heterogeneity of video traffic, including passive streaming video, interactive video, and immersive videoconferences. It also addresses shifting bandwidth constraints and congestion points; improved hardware, software, and tools; and emerging QoS applications in network security.The authors first introduce QoS technologies in high-to-mid-level technical detail, including protocols, tools, and relevant standards. They examine new QoS demands and requirements, identify reasons to reevaluate current QoS designs, and present new strategic design recommendations. Next, drawing on extensive experience, they offer deep technical detail on campus wired and wireless QoS design; next-generation wiring closets; QoS design for data centers, Internet edge, WAN edge, and branches; QoS for IPsec VPNs, and more.Tim Szigeti, CCIE No. 9794 is a Senior Technical Leader in the Cisco System Design Unit. He has specialized in QoS for the past 15 years and authored Cisco TelePresence Fundamentals. Robert Barton, CCIE No. 6660 (R&S and Security), CCDE No. 2013::6 is a Senior Systems Engineer in the Cisco Canada Public Sector Operation. A registered Professional Engineer (P. Eng), he has 15 years of IT experience and is primarily focused on wireless and security architectures. Christina Hattingh spent 13 years as Senior Member of Technical Staff in Unified Communications (UC) in Cisco's Services Routing Technology Group (SRTG). There, she spoke at Cisco conferences, trained sales staff and partners, authored books, and advised customers.Kenneth Briley, Jr., CCIE No. 9754, is a Technical Lead in the Cisco Network Operating Systems Technology Group. With more than a decade of QoS design/implementation experience, he is currently focused on converging wired and wireless QoS.n Master a proven, step-by-step best-practice approach to successful QoS deploymentn Implement Cisco-validated designs related to new and emerging applicationsn Apply best practices for classification, marking, policing, shaping, markdown, and congestion management/avoidancen Leverage the new Cisco Application Visibility and Control feature-set to perform deep-packet inspection to recognize more than 1000 different applicationsn Use Medianet architecture elements specific to QoS configuration, monitoring, and controln Optimize QoS in rich-media campus networks using the Cisco Catalyst 3750, Catalyst 4500, and Catalyst 6500n Design wireless networks to support voice and video using a Cisco centralized or converged access WLANn Achieve zero packet loss in GE/10GE/40GE/100GE data center networksn Implement QoS virtual access data center designs with the Cisco Nexus 1000Vn Optimize QoS at the enterprise customer edgen Achieve extraordinary levels of QoS in service provider edge networks n Utilize new industry standards and QoS technologies, including IETF RFC 4594, IEEE 802.1Q-2005, HQF, and NBAR2This book is part of the Networking Technology Series from Cisco Press (R), which offers networking professionals valuable information for constructing efficient networks, understanding new technologies, and building successful careers.
Contents
<>Introduction xxxviPart I: QoS Design OverviewChapter 1 Introduction and Brief History of QoS and QoE 1History and Evolution 2Then 3Now 3Evolution of QoS 4QoS Basics and Concepts 5User Expectations: QoS, QoE, and QoX 5QoS Models: IntServ and DiffServ 6Fundamental QoS Concepts and Toolset 7Packet Headers 8Simplifying QoS 9Standardization and Consistency 9Summary 11Further Reading 11General 11IntServ 12DiffServ 12Chapter 2 IOS-Based QoS Architectural Framework and Syntax Structure 13QoS Deployment Principles 13QoS Architectural Framework 14QoS Behavioral Model 15QoS Feature Sequencing 15Modular QoS Command-Line Framework 16MQC Syntax 17Default Behaviors 19Traffic Classification (Class Maps) 19Definition of Policies (Policy Maps) 20Attaching Policies to Traffic Flows (Service Policy) 22Hierarchical QoS and HQF 23Legacy QoS CLI No Longer Used 25AutoQoS 26Summary 29Further Reading 29General 29AutoQoS 29Chapter 3 Classification and Marking 31Classification and Marking Topics 31Classification and Marking Terminology 32Security and QoS 33Trust Boundaries 33Network Attacks 34Classification Challenges of Video and Wireless Traffic 34Marking Fields in Different Technologies 35Field Values and Interpretation 35Ethernet 802.1Q/p 37Ethernet 802.11 WiFi 38ATM and FR 38IPv4 and IPv6 39L2 and L3 Tunnels 39CAPWAP 40MPLS 41Mapping QoS Markings 41Mapping L2 to L3 Markings 41Mapping Cisco to RFC 4594 Markings 42Mapping Markings for Wireless Networks 43Classification Tools 44Class-Based Classification (Class Maps) 45Network-Based Application Recognition 47NBAR Protocols 48RTP Traffic 49Performance Routing 49Metadata Classification 50Marking Tools 50Class-Based Marking (Class Maps) 50Effects of Feature Sequence 52Mapping Markings with the Table Map Feature 52Marking (or Re-Marking) with Policing 53AutoQoS Marking 54Recommendations and Guidelines 55Summary 55Further Reading 56Classification and Marking 56NBAR 56Video QoS 56Wireless QoS 57RFCs 57Chapter 4 Policing, Shaping, and Markdown Tools 59Policing and Shaping Topics 59Policing and Shaping Terminology 60Placing Policers and Shapers in the Network 61Tail Drop and Random Drop 61Re-Mark/Markdown 62Traffic Types to Police and Shape 62Token Bucket Algorithms 62Types of Policers 64Single-Rate Two-Color Policers 64RFC 2697 Single-Rate Three-Color Policers 65RFC 2698 Dual-Rate Three-Color Policers 66Security and QoS 68Policing Tools 68Policers as Markers 68Class-Based Policing (Policy Maps) 69Multi-Action Policing 70Hierarchical Policing 71Percentage-Based Policing 72Color-Aware Policing 73Policing as Part of Low-Latency Queuing 73Control Plane Policing 74Unconditional Packet Drop 75Traffic Shaping Tools 75Class-Based Shaping (Policy Maps) 76Hierarchical Class-Based Shaping 77Percentage-Based Shaping 77Legacy Shaping Tools 78ATM Traffic Shaping 78Frame Relay Traffic Shaping 78Recommendations and Guidelines 79Summary 80Further Reading 80General 80DiffServ Policing Standards 80Policing 80Shaping 81Chapter 5 Congestion Management and Avoidance Tools 83Congestion Management and Avoidance Topics 84Congestion Management and Avoidance Terminology 84Congestion Management and Congestion Avoidance 85Scheduling Algorithms 85Levels of Queuing 85Queuing and Scheduling Tools 86Class-Based Queuing (Policy Maps) 86Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing 88Low-Latency Queuing 88Queuing Below Layer 3: Tx-Ring Operation 91Congestion Avoidance Tools 92Random Early Detection 93Weighted Random Early Detection 93Recommendations and Guidelines 95Summary 96Further Reading 96Queuing 96Congestion Avoidance 96Chapter 6 Bandwidth Reservation Tools 99Admission Control Tools 100Resource Reservation Protocol 101RSVP Overview 101RSVP Proxy 102RSVP Deployment Models 103Basic RSVP Design (IntServ/DiffServ Model) 104Advanced RSVP Design (IntServ/DiffServ Model) 105RSVP and LLQ 106Recommendations and Guidelines 108Summary 108Further Reading 109RSVP for Medianet 109RSVP Technology 109Chapter 7 QoS in IPv6 Networks 111IPv6 and QoS Overview 111QoS Tools for IPv6 112QoS Feature Support for IPv6 112Packet Headers, Classification, and Marking 112Packet Classification 113Packet Marking 114Policing and Shaping 115Recommendations and Guidelines 115Summary 116Further Reading 116Chapter 8 Medianet 117An Introduction to Medianet 117Medianet Architecture and Framework 119Medianet Features and Capabilities 120Autoconfiguration 121Auto Smartports 121AutoQoS 121Media Monitoring 122Mediatrace 122Performance Monitor 125IPSLA Video Operation (Traffic Simulator, IPSLA VO) 127Media Awareness 128Flow Metadata 129Network Based Application Recognition 2 130Media Services Interface 132Media Services Proxy 132Summary 133Further Reading 133Overviews 133Design Documents 134Configuration Guides and Command References 134Resources and Services 134Chapter 9 Application Visibility Control (AVC) 135AVC Use Cases 136How AVC Works 138The AVC Building Blocks 140Building Block 1: NBAR2 140NBAR2 Protocol Discovery 142NBAR2 MQC Traffic Classification 144Building Block 2: Flexible NetFlow 147Flexible NetFlow Key Fields and Non-Key Fields 148Configuration of FNF 149Building Block 3: AVC Management and Reporting 152Insight Reporter 153Building Block 4: AVC QoS Controls 154Deploying AVC QoS Controls at the WAN Edge 154Deploying AVC QoS Controls at the Internet Edge 156Performance Considerations When Using AVC 159Summary 160Additional Reading 161Part II: QoS Design StrategiesChapter 10 Business and Application QoS Requirements 163Global Trends in Networking 164The Evolution of Video Applications 164The Explosion of Media 166The Phenomena of Social Networking 167The Bring Your Own Device Demand 167The Emergence of Bottom-Up Applications 168The Convergence of Media Subcomponents Within Multimedia Applications 168The Transition to High-Definition Media 169QoS Requirements and Recommendations by Application Class 169Voice 170Video Applications 171Broadcast Video 173Real-Time Interactive 174Multimedia Applications 175Multimedia Conferencing 176Multimedia Streaming 177Data Applications 177Transactional Data (Low-Latency Data) 178Bulk Data (High-Throughput Data) 178Best Effort Data 179Scavenger (Lower-Priority Data) 180Control Plane Traffic 180Network Control 181Signaling 181Operations/Administration/Management 182Cisco (RFC 4594-Based) QoS Recommendations by Application Class Summary 182QoS Standards Evolution 183RFC 2597, Clarification 183RFC 5865, Proposed Standard 184RFC 4594, Update Draft 185Summary 187Further Reading 187Chapter 11 QoS Design Principles and Strategies 189QoS Best-Practice Design Principles 189Hardware Versus Software QoS Best Practices 190Classification and Marking Best Practices 191Policing and Markdown Best Practices 192Queuing and Dropping Best Practices 192EF Queue Recommendations: The 33% LLQ Rule 193AF Queue Recommendations 195DF Queue Recommendations 195Scavenger Class Queue Recommendations 195WRED Recommendations 197QoS Design Strategies 198Four-Class Model QoS Strategy 198Eight-Class Model QoS Strategy 200Twelve-Class Model QoS Strategy 202Application Class Expansion QoS Strategies 204QoS for Security Strategies 206Control Plane Policing Recommendations 208Data Plane Policing Recommendations 210Summary 213Further Reading 214Chapter 12 Strategic QoS Design Case Study 215Tifosi Software Inc.: Company Overview 215Original (Four-Class) QoS Model 215Business Catalysts for QoS Reengineering 216Proposed (Eight-Class) QoS Model 217"Layer 8" Challenges 219Summary 221Additional Reading 221Part III: Campus QoS DesignChapter 13 Campus QoS Design Considerations and Recommendations 223MLS Versus MQC 225Default QoS 226Internal DSCP 226Trust States and Operations 227Trust Boundaries 230DSCP Transparency 231Port-Based QoS Versus VLAN-Based QoS Versus Per-Port/Per-VLAN QoS 232EtherChannel QoS 234Campus QoS Models 235Ingress QoS Models 235Egress QoS Models 238Campus Port QoS Roles 239Campus AutoQoS 241Control Plane Policing 243Summary 244Additional Reading 246Chapter 14 Campus Access (Cisco Catalyst 3750) QoS Design 247Cisco Catalyst 3750 QoS Architecture 248QoS Design Steps 249Enabling QoS 250Ingress QoS Models 250Trust Models 251Classification and Marking Models 254Classification, Marking, and Policing Models 256Queuing Models 260Ingress Queuing Model 261Egress Queuing Models 265Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 271Per-VLAN QoS Design 271Per-Port/Per-VLAN QoS 272EtherChannel QoS Design 273AutoQoS SRND4 273Control Plane Policing 274Summary 274Additional Reading 274Chapter 15 Campus Distribution (Cisco Catalyst 4500) QoS Design 275Cisco Catalyst 4500 QoS Architecture 276QoS Design Steps 277Queuing Models 277Four-Class Egress Queuing Model 278Eight-Class Egress Queuing Model 281Twelve-Class Egress Queuing Model 284Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 289Access-Edge Design Options 290Conditional Trust Model 290Medianet Metadata Classification Model 292Classification and Marking Models 293Classification, Marking, and Policing Model 294Per-VLAN QoS Design 297Per-Port/Per-VLAN QoS 298EtherChannel QoS Design 299Flow-Based QoS 301Control Plane Policing 303Summary 303Further Reading 303Chapter 16 Campus Core (Cisco Catalyst 6500) QoS Design 305Cisco Catalyst 6500 QoS Architecture 306QoS Design Steps 308Queuing Models 308Four-Class (4Q4T Ingress and 1P3Q4T Egress) Queuing Models 311Eight-Class (8Q4T Ingress and 1P7Q4T Egress) Queuing Models 314Twelve-Class (8Q4T Ingress and 1P7Q4T Egress) Queuing Models 3182P6Q4T Ingress and Egress Queuing Models 328Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 329Access-Edge Design Options 330Conditional Trust Model 330Classification and Marking Models 332Classification, Marking, and Policing Model 335Microflow Policing 341Per-VLAN QoS Design 342EtherChannel QoS Design 343AutoQoS SRND4 344Control Plane Policing 344Summary 344Further Reading 345Chapter 17 Campus QoS Design Case Study 347Tifosi Campus Access QoS Design 350Policy 1: Access-Edge Design for Printer Endpoints (No Trust) 351Policy 2: Access-Edge Design for Wireless Access Endpoints (DSCP Trust) 351Policy 3: Access-Edge Design for Cisco TelePresence Endpoints (Conditional Trust) 352Policy 4: Access-Edge Design for Cisco IP Phones or PCs (Conditional Trust and Classification and Marking) 352Eight-Class 1P1Q3T Ingress Queuing Design 355Eight-Class 1P3Q3T Egress Queuing Design 357Policy 5: Access Layer Uplink Design 359Tifosi Campus Distribution QoS Design 360Policy 6: Distribution Layer Downlink Ports (Catalyst 4500E Supervisor 7-E) 360Policy 7: Distribution Layer Distribution-Link / Core-Uplink Ports 362Tifosi Campus Core QoS Design 364Policy 8: Core Layer (10GE) Downlink Design 364Policy 9: Core Layer (40GE) Core-Link Design 368Summary 370Further Reading 371Part IV: Wireless LAN QoS DesignChapter 18 Wireless LAN QoS Considerations and Recommendations 373Comparing QoS in Wired and Wireless LAN Environments 374WLAN QoS Building Blocks 376The Distributed Coordination Function 376CSMA/CA 377The DCF Contention Window 378IEEE 802.11e and Wireless Multimedia (WMM) 382Retrofitting DCF: Enhanced Distributed Channel Access 382Access Categories 383Arbitration Interframe Spacing 385Contention Window Enhancements 386Transmission Opportunity 388802.11e TSpec: Call Admission Control 388QoS Design Considerations 389Defining Upstream and Downstream Traffic Flow 389QoS Mapping and Marking Considerations 390The Upstream QoS Marking Strategy 392The Downstream QoS Marking Strategy 394Summary 395Additional Reading 396Chapter 19 Centralized (Cisco 5500 Wireless LAN Controller) QoS Design 397QoS Enforcement Points in the WLAN 398Managing QoS Profiles in the Wireless LAN Controller 399QoS Marking and Conditional Trust Boundaries 399WLAN QoS Profiles 400Building a Guest QoS Profile 408QoS Design for VoIP Applications 410Tweaking the EDCA Configuration 411Call Admission Control on the Wireless Network 413Enabling WMM QoS Policy on the WLAN 413Enabling WMM QoS Policy on the WLAN 414Media Session Snooping (a.k.a. SIP Snooping) 416Application Visibility Control in the WLC 417Developing a QoS Strategy for the WLAN 424Four-Class Model Design 424Tweaking the QoS Classification Downstream 425Tweaking the QoS Classification Upstream 429Eight-Class Model Design 430Twelve-Class Model Design 431Summary 432Further Reading 433Chapter 20 Converged Access (Cisco Catalyst 3850 and the Cisco 5760 Wireless LAN Controller) QoS Design 435Converged Access 438Cisco Catalyst 3850 QoS Architecture 439QoS Design Steps 442Enabling QoS 442Ingress QoS Models 444Wired-Only Conditional Trust Model 444Classification and Marking Models 446Classification, Marking, and Policing Model 448Queuing Models 454Wired Queuing 455Wired 1P7Q3T Egress Queuing Model 456Wired 2P6Q3T Egress Queuing Model 459Wireless Queuing 470Wireless 2P2Q Egress Queuing Model 472Summary 474Additional Reading 475Chapter 21 Converged Access QoS Design Case Study 477Tifosi Converged Access QoS Design: Wired 481Policy 1: Access-Edge Design for Wired Printer Endpoints (No Trust) 481Policy 2: Access-Edge Design for Wired Access Endpoints (DSCP Trust) 481Policy 3: Access-Edge Design for Cisco TelePresence Endpoints (Conditional Trust) 482Policy 4: Access-Edge Design for Cisco IP Phones and PCs (Conditional Trust and Classification and Marking) 482Policy 5: Access-Edge Wired Queuing Design 485Tifosi Converged Access QoS Design: Wireless 488Policy 6: Access-Edge Design for Mobile Wireless Clients (Dynamic Policy with and Classification & Marking) 489Policy 7: Access-Edge Wireless Queuing Design 491Policy 8: SSID Bandwidth Allocation Between Guest and Enterprise SSIDs (SSID Policy to Separate Bandwidth Distribution) 492Policy 9: CT 5760 Wireless LAN Controller Uplink Ports 493Cisco Identity Services Engine 495Summary 496Additional Reading 496Part V: Data Center QoS DesignChapter 22 Data Center QoS Design Considerations and Recommendations 499Data Center Architectures 500High-Performance Trading Data Center Architectures 500Big Data (HPC/HTC/Grid) Architectures 501Virtualized Multiservice Data Center Architectures 503Secure Multitenant Data Center Architectures 505Massively Scalable Data Center Architectures 506Data Center QoS Tools 507Data Center Bridging Toolset 508Ethernet Flow Control: IEEE 802.3x 508Priority Flow Control: IEEE 802.1Qbb 510Skid Buffers and Virtual Output Queuing 512Enhanced Transmission Selection: IEEE 802.1Qaz 514Congestion Notification: IEEE 802.1Qau 515Data Center Bridging Exchange: IEEE 802.1Qaz + 802.1AB 516Data Center Transmission Control Protocol 517NX-OS QoS Framework 519Data Center QoS Models 520Data Center Marking Models 520Data Center Applications and Protocols 521CoS/DSCP Marking 523CoS 3 Overlap Considerations and Tactical Options 524Data Center Application-Based Marking Models 526Data Center Application/Tenant-Based Marking Models 527Data Center QoS Models 528Data Center Port QoS Roles 529Summary 532Additional Reading 534Chapter 23 Data Center Virtual Access (Nexus 1000V) QoS Design 535Cisco Nexus 1000 System Architecture 537Nexus 1000V Configuration Notes 539Monitoring QoS Statistics 540Ingress QoS Model 540Trust Models 541Trusted Server Model 541Untrusted Server Model 541Classification and Marking 544Single-Application Server Model 544Multi-Application Server Model 545Server Policing Model 547Egress QoS Model 549Four-Class Egress Queuing Model 551Eight-Class Egress Queuing Model 556Summary 559Additional Reading 559Chapter 24 Data Center Access/Aggregation (Nexus 5500/2000) QoS Design 561Cisco Nexus 5500 System Architecture 562Architectural Overview 563Virtual Output Queuing 564QoS Groups and System Classes 567QoS Design Steps 569Ingress QoS Models 569Trust Models 570Trusted Server Model 570Untrusted Server Model 570Classification and Marking Models 572Single-Application Server Model 573Multi-Application Server Model 576Application Policing Server Model 578Modifying the Ingress Buffer Size 580Egress Queuing Models 582Four-Class Model 582Eight-Class Model 587Additional QoS Designs Options 592Nexus 5500 L3 QoS Configuration 592Nexus 2000 Fabric Extender QoS 593Using the network-qos Policy to Set MTU 597Summary 597Additional Reading 598Chapter 25 Data Center Core (Nexus 7000) QoS Design 599Nexus 7000 Overview 600Nexus 7000 M2 Modules: Architecture and QoS Design 604M2 QoS Design Steps 607M2 Queuing Models 607M2 Default Queuing Models 608M2 Four-Class (4Q2T Ingress / 1P3Q4T Egress) Queuing Model 610M2 Eight-Class (8Q2T Ingress / 1P3Q4T Egress) Queuing Model 615M2 OTV Edge Device QoS Design 621Nexus 7000 F2 Modules: Architecture and QoS Design 623F2 QoS Design Steps 625F2 Network QoS Policy Design 625F2 Queuing Models 630F2 Default Queuing Models 631F2 Four-Class (4Q1T Ingress / 1P3Q1T Egress) Queuing Model 634F2 Eight-Class (4Q1T Ingress / 1P3Q1T Egress) Queuing Model 634FEX QoS Design 638Additional M2/F2 QoS Design Options 638Trusted Server Model 638Untrusted Server Model 638Single-Application Server Marking Model 642Multi-Application Server Classification and Marking Model 642Server Policing Model 643DSCP-Mutation Model 645CoPP Design 648Summary 648Further Reading 649Chapter 26 Data Center QoS Design Case Study 651Tifosi Data Center Virtual Access Layer Nexus 1000V QoS Design 655Policy 1: Trusted Virtual Machines 655Policy 2: Single-Application Virtual Machine 655Policy 3: Multi-Application Virtual Machine 656Policy 4: Network-Edge Queuing 657Tifosi Data Center Access/Aggregation Layer Nexus 5500/2000 QoS Design 659Policy 5: Trusted Server 660Policy 6: Single-Application Server 660Policy 7: Multi-Application Server 661Policy 8: Network-Edge Queuing Policy 662Tifosi Data Center Core Layer Nexus 7000 QoS Design 666Policy 9: Network-Edge Queuing (F2 Modules) 666Policy 10: Network-Edge Queuing (M2 Modules) 668Policy 11: DSCP Mutation for Signaling Traffic Between Campus and Data Center 671Summary 672Further Reading 673Part VI: WAN and Branch QoS DesignChapter 27 WAN and Branch QoS Design Considerations and Recommendations 675WAN and Branch Architectures 677Hardware Versus IOS Software QoS 678Latency and Jitter 679Tx-Ring 682CBWFQ 683LLQ 684WRED 685RSVP 685Medianet 686AVC 687AutoQoS 687Control Plane Policing 687Link Types and Speeds 687WAN and Branch QoS Models 688Ingress QoS Models 689Egress QoS Models 689Control Plane Policing 692WAN and Branch Interface QoS Roles 692Summary 693Further Reading 694Chapter 28 WAN Aggregator (Cisco ASR 1000) QoS Design 697Cisco ASR 1000 QoS Architecture 698QoS Design Steps 700ASR 1000 Internal QoS 701SPA-Based PLIM 706SIP-Based PLIM 707Ingress QoS Models 708Egress QoS Models 709Four-Class Model 709Eight-Class Model 712Twelve-Class Model 715Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 725RSVP 725Basic RSVP Model 726Advanced RSVP Model with Application ID 729AutoQoS SRND4 733Control Plane Policing 733Summary 733Further Reading 734Chapter 29 Branch Router (Cisco ISR G2) QoS Design 735Cisco ISR G2 QoS Architecture 736QoS Design Steps 738Ingress QoS Models 738Medianet Classification Models 738Medianet Application-Based Classification and Marking Model 739Medianet Application-Group-Based Classification Model 743Medianet Attribute-Based Classification Model 744NBAR2 Classification Models 744NBAR2 Application-Based Classification and Marking Model 745NBAR2 Application-Group-Based Classification Model 748NBAR2 Attribute-Based Classification Model 748Custom-Protocol NBAR2 Classification 752Egress QoS Models 753Four-Class Model 754Eight-Class Model 754Twelve-Class Model 754Additional Platform-Specific QoS Design Options 757RSVP 757AutoQoS SRND4 757Control Plane Policing 757Summary 757Further Reading 758Chapter 30 WAN and Branch QoS Design Case Study 759Policy 1: Internal (PLIM) QoS for ASR 1000 761Policy 1a: SIP-Based PLIM QoS 762Policy 1b: SPA-Based PLIM QoS 762Policy 2: LAN-Edge QoS Policies 763Policy 3: WAN Edge QoS Policies 765Summary 768Further Reading 769Part VII: MPLS VPN QoS DesignChapter 31 MPLS VPN QoS Design Considerations and Recommendations 771MPLS VPN Architectures 772MAN and WAN Ethernet Service Evolution 773Sub-Line-Rate Ethernet Design Implications 775QoS Paradigm Shift 779Service Provider Class of Service Models 781MPLS DiffServ Tunneling Modes 781Uniform Mode 782Short Pipe Mode 783Pipe Mode 784Enterprise-to-Service Provider Mapping 785Mapping Real-Time Voice and Video 785Mapping Control and Signaling Traffic 786Separating TCP from UDP 786Re-Marking and Restoring Markings 787MPLS VPN QoS Roles 787Summary 789Further Reading 790Chapter 32 Enterprise Customer Edge (Cisco ASR 1000 and ISR G2) QoS Design 793QoS Design Steps 794Ingress QoS Models 795Egress QoS Models 795Sub-Line-Rate Ethernet: Hierarchical Shaping and Queuing Models 795Known SP Policing Bc 796Unknown SP Policing Bc 797Enterprise-to-Service Provider Mapping Models 798Four-Class Enterprise Model Mapped to a Four-CoS Service Provider Model 798Eight-Class Enterprise Model Mapped to a Six-CoS Service Provider Model 800Twelve-Class Enterprise Model Mapped to an Eight Class-of-Service Service Provider Model 803Summary 808Further Reading 808Chapter 33 Service Provider Edge (Cisco ASR 9000) QoS Design 809QoS Architecture 810QoS Design Steps 814MPLS DiffServ Tunneling Models 814Uniform Mode MPLS DiffServ Tunneling 815Uniform Mode Ingress Policer 816Uniform Mode (MPLS EXP-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 822Uniform Mode (MPLS EXP-to-QG) Ingress Mapping Policy 823Uniform Mode (QG-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 824Pipe Mode MPLS DiffServ Tunneling 826Pipe Mode Ingress Policer 827Pipe Mode (MPLS EXP-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 830Pipe Mode (MPLS EXP-to-QG) Ingress Mapping Policy 831Pipe Mode (QG-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 832Short Pipe Mode MPLS DiffServ Tunneling 834Short Pipe Mode Ingress Policer 835Short Pipe Mode (MPLS EXP-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 838Short Pipe Mode (DSCP-Based) Egress Queuing Policy 840Summary 842Additional Reading 843Chapter 34 Service Provider Core (Cisco CRS) QoS Design 845QoS Architecture 846QoS Design Steps 849SP Core Class-of-Service QoS Models 849Four-Class-of-Service SP Model 850Four-Class-of-Service Fabric QoS Policy 850Four-Class-of-Service Interface QoS Policy 853Six-Class-of-Service SP Core Model 854Six-Class-of-Service Fabric QoS Policy 855Six-Class-of-Service Interface QoS Policy 856Eight-Class-of-Service SP Core Model 857Eight-Class-of-Service Fabric QoS Policy 857Eight-Class-of-Service Interface QoS Policy 858Summary 860Additional Reading 860Chapter 35 MPLS VPN QoS Design Case Study 861Policy 1: CE Router Internal QoS (Cisco ASR 1000) 863Policy 2: CE Router LAN-Edge QoS Policies 863Policy 3: CE Router VPN-Edge QoS Policies 863Policy 4: PE Router Internal QoS (Cisco ASR 9000) 866Policy 5: PE Router Customer-Edge QoS 866Policy 6: PE Router Core-Edge QoS 867Policy 7: P Router Internal QoS (Cisco CRS-3) 868Policy 8: P Router Interface QoS 868Summary 868Additional Reading 868Part VIII: IPsec QoS DesignChapter 36 IPsec VPN QoS Considerations and Recommendations 871IPsec VPN Topologies 871Standard IPsec VPNs 872Tunnel Mode 872Transport Mode 873IPsec with GRE 873Remote-Access VPNs 874QoS Classification of IPsec Packets 875The IOS Preclassify Feature 877MTU Considerations 880How GRE Handles MTU Issues 881How IPsec Handles MTU Issues 881Using the TCP Adjust-MSS Feature 883Compression Strategies Over VPN 885TCP Optimization Using WAAS 885Using Voice Codecs over a VPN Connection 886cRTP and IPsec Incompatibilities 887Antireplay Implications 888Summary 891Additional Reading 891Chapter 37 DMVPN QoS Design 893The Role of QoS in a DMVPN Network 895DMVPN Building Blocks 895How QoS Is Implemented in a DMVPN? 895DMVPN QoS Configuration 896Next-Hop Routing Protocol 897The Need for a Different Approach to QoS in DMVPNs 898The Per-Tunnel QoS for DMVPN Feature 899DMVPN QoS Design Example 900DMVPN QoS Design Steps 902Configuring the Hub Router for Per-Tunnel QoS 902Configuring the Hub Router for the Four-Class QoS Model 903Configuring the Hub Router for the Eight-Class QoS Model 905Configuring the Hub Router for the Twelve-Class QoS Model 907Configuring the Spoke Routers for Per-Tunnel QoS 910Verifying Your DMVPN QoS Configuration 913Per-Tunnel QoS Between Spokes 917Summary 918Additional Reading 919Chapter 38 GET VPN QoS Design 921GET VPN QoS Overview 922Group Domain of Interpretation 923GET VPN Building Blocks 924IP Header Preservation 926GET VPN Configuration Review 928Key Server Configuration 928Group Member Configuration 929GET VPN QoS Configuration 931Configuring a GM with the Four-Class Model 932Configuring a GM with the Eight-Class Model 933Configuring a GM with the Twelve-Class Model 934Confirming the QoS Policy 936How and When to Use the QoS Preclassify Feature 939A Case for Combining GET VPN and DMVPN 940Working with Your Service Provider When Deploying GET VPN 941Summary 941Additional Reading 942Chapter 39 Home Office VPN QoS Case Study 943Building the Technical Solution 943The QoS Application Requirements 944The QoS Configuration 945Headend Router Configuration 946Home Office Router (Spoke) Configuration 948Summary 952Additional Reading 952Index 953Part XI: Appendixes (Online)Appendix A AutoQoS for MedianetAppendix B Control Plane Policing
