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Data Center Virtualization FundamentalsFor many IT organizations, today's greatest challenge is to drive more value, efficiency, and utilization from data centers. Virtualization is the best way to meet this challenge. Data Center Virtualization Fundamentals brings together the comprehensive knowledge Cisco professionals need to apply virtualization throughout their data center environments. Leading data center expert Gustavo A. A. Santana thoroughly explores all components of an end-to-end data center virtualization solution, including networking, storage, servers, operating systems, application optimization, and security. Rather than focusing on a single product or technology, he explores product capabilities as interoperable design tools that can be combined and integrated with other solutions, including VMware vSphere. With the author's guidance, you'll learn how to define and implement highly-efficient architectures for new, expanded, or retrofit data center projects. By doing so, you can deliver agile application provisioning without purchasing unnecessary infrastructure, and establish a strong foundation for new cloud computing and IT-as-a-service initiatives. Throughout, Santana illuminates key theoretical concepts through realistic use cases, real-world designs, illustrative configuration examples, and verification outputs. Appendixes provide valuable reference information, including relevant Cisco data center products and CLI principles for IOS and NX-OS. With this approach, Data Center Virtualization Fundamentals will be an indispensable resource for anyone preparing for the CCNA Data Center, CCNP Data Center, or CCIE Data Center certification exams.Gustavo A. A. Santana, CCIE (R) No. 8806, is a Cisco Technical Solutions Architect working in enterprise and service provider data center projects that require deep integration across technology areas such as networking, application optimization, storage, and servers. He has more than 15 years of data center experience, and has led and coordinated a team of specialized Cisco engineers in Brazil. He holds two CCIE certifications (Routing & Switching and Storage Networking), and is a VMware Certified Professional (VCP) and SNIA Certified Storage Networking Expert (SCSN-E).Learn how virtualization can transform and improve traditional data center network topologies Understand the key characteristics and value of each data center virtualization technology Walk through key decisions, and transform choices into architecture Smoothly migrate existing data centers toward greater virtualization Burst silos that have traditionally made data centers inefficient Master foundational technologies such as VLANs, VRF, and virtual contexts Use virtual PortChannel and FabricPath to overcome the limits of STP Optimize cabling and network management with fabric extender (FEX) virtualized chassis Extend Layer 2 domains to distant data center sites using MPLS and Overlay Transport Virtualization (OTV) Use VSANs to overcome Fibre Channel fabric challenges Improve SAN data protection, environment isolation, and scalability Consolidate I/O through Data Center Bridging and FCoE Use virtualization to radically simplify server environments Create server profiles that streamline "bare metal" server provisioning "Transcend the rack" through virtualized networking based on Nexus 1000V and VM-FEX Leverage opportunities to deploy virtual network services more efficiently Evolve data center virtualization toward full-fledged private clouds -Reviews -"The variety of material that Gustavo covers in this work would appeal to anyone responsible for Data Centers today. His grasp of virtualization technologies and ability to relate it in both technical and non-technical terms makes for compelling reading. This is not your ordinary tech manual. Through use of relatable visual cues, Gustavo provides information that is easily recalled on the subject of virtualization, reaching across Subject Matter Expertise domains. Whether you consider yourself well-versed or a novice on the topic, working in large or small environments, this work will provide a clear understanding of the diverse subject of virtualization."-- Bill Dufresne, CCIE 4375, Distinguished Systems Engineer, Cisco (Americas)"..this book is an essential reference and will be valuable asset for potential candi?dates pursuing their Cisco Data Center certifications. I am confident that in reading this book, individuals will inevitably gain extensive knowledge and hands-on experience dur?ing their certification preparations. If you're looking for a truly comprehensive guide to virtualization, this is the one!"-- Yusuf Bhaiji, Senior Manager, Expert Certifications (CCIE, CCDE, CCAr), Learning@Cisco"When one first looks at those classic Cisco Data Center blueprints, it is very common to become distracted with the overwhelming number of pieces and linkages. By creating a solid theoretical foundation and providing rich sets of companion examples to illustrate each concept, Gustavo's book brings hope back to IT Professionals from different areas of expertise. Apparently complex topics are demystified and the insertion of products, mechanisms, protocols and technologies in the overall Data Center Architecture is clearly explained, thus enabling you to achieve robust designs and successful deployments. A must read... Definitely!"-- Alexandre M. S. P. Moraes, Consulting Systems Engineer - Author of "Cisco Firewalls"
Contents
Foreword xxiiiIntroduction xxvPart I What Is Virtualization?Chapter 1 Virtualization History and Definitions 1Data Center Essential Definitions 2Data Center Evolution 3Operational Areas and Data Center Architecture 5The Origins of Data Center Virtualization 8Virtual Memory 8Mainframe Virtualization 10Hot Standby Router Protocol 11Defining Virtualization 12Data Center Virtualization Timeline 12Classifying Virtualization Technologies 14A Virtualization Taxonomy 15Virtualization Scalability 17Technology Areas 18Classification Examples 21Summary 22Further Reading 22Part II Virtualization in Network TechnologiesChapter 2 Data Center Network Evolution 25Ethernet Protocol: Then and Now 26Ethernet Media 27Coaxial Cable 27Twisted-Pair 28Optical Fiber 30Direct-Attach Twinaxial Cables 32Ethernet Data Rate Timeline 33Data Center Network Topologies 34Data Center Network Layers 35Design Factors for Data Center Networks 36Physical Network Layout Considerations 39The ANSI/TIA-942 Standard 40Network Virtualization Benefits 42Network Logical Partitioning 42Network Simplification and Traffic Load Balancing 43Management Consolidation and Cabling Optimization 44Network Extension 44Summary 44Further Reading 44Chapter 3 The Humble Beginnings of Network Virtualization 45Network Partitioning 47Concepts from the Bridging World 47Defining VLANs 49VLAN Trunks 52Two Common Misconceptions About VLANs 56Misconception Number 1: A VLAN Must Be Associated to an IP Subnet 56Misconception Number 2: Layer 3 VLANs 58Spanning Tree Protocol and VLANs 61Spanning Tree Protocol at Work 63Port States 70Spanning Tree Protocol Enhancements 72Spanning Tree Instances 74Private VLANs 78VLAN Specifics 83Native VLAN 84Reserved VLANs IDs 84Resource Sharing 85Control and Management Plane 85Concepts from the Routing World 87Overlapping Addresses in a Data Center 87Defining and Configuring VRFs 90VRFs and Routing Protocols 92VRFs and the Management Plane 98VRF-Awareness 100VRF Resource Allocation Control 101Use Case: Data Center Network Segmentation 103Summary 105Further Reading 107Chapter 4 An Army of One: ACE Virtual Contexts 109Application Networking Services 111The Use of Load Balancers 111Load-Balancing Concepts 115Layer 4 Switching Versus Layer 7 Switching 120Connection Management 122Address Translation and Load Balancing 124Server NAT 124Dual NAT 125Port Redirection 126Transparent Mode 126Other Load-Balancing Applications 127Firewall Load Balancing 127Reverse Proxy Load Balancing 128Offloading Servers 130SSL Offload 130TCP Offload 133HTTP Compression 134Load Balancer Proliferation in the Data Center 135Load Balancer Performance 135Security Policies 136Suboptimal Traffic 137Application Environment Independency 138ACE Virtual Contexts 139Application Control Engine Physical Connections 141Connecting an ACE Appliance 141Connecting an ACE Module 144Creating and Allocating Resources to Virtual Contexts 145Integrating ACE Virtual Contexts to the Data Center Network 156Routed Design 156Bridged Design 158One-Armed Design 160Managing and Configuring ACE Virtual Contexts 162Allowing Management Traffic to a Virtual Context 162Allowing Load Balancing Traffic Through a Virtual Context 163Controlling Management Access to Virtual Contexts 171ACE Virtual Context Additional Characteristics 176Sharing VLANs Among Contexts 177Virtual Context Fault Tolerance 177Use Case: Multitenant Data Center 179Summary 181Further Reading 182Chapter 5 Instant Switches: Virtual Device Contexts 183Extending Device Virtualization 184Why Use VDCs? 187VDCs in Detail 188Creating and Configuring VDCs 190VDC Names and CLI Prompts 198Virtualization Nesting 199Allocating Resources to VDCs 202Using Resource Templates 211Managing VDCs 214VDC Operations 214Processes Failures and VDCs 216VDC Out-of-Band Management 217Role-Based Access Control and VDCs 222Global Resources 225Use Case: Data Center Security Zones 225Summary 227Further Reading 229Chapter 6 Fooling Spanning Tree 231Spanning Tree Protocol and Link Utilization 232Link Aggregation 234Server Connectivity and NIC Teaming 238Cross-Switch PortChannels 240Virtual PortChannels 241Virtual PortChannel Definitions 242Configuring Virtual PortChannels 247Step 1: Defining the Domain 248Step 2: Establishing Peer Keepalive Connectivity 248Step 3: Creating the Peer Link 250Step 4: Creating the Virtual PortChannel 252Spanning Tree Protocol and Virtual PortChannels 254Peer Link Failure and Orphan Ports 258First-Hop Routing Protocols and Virtual PortChannels 259Layer 2 Multipathing and vPC+ 265FabricPath Data Plane 266FabricPath Control Plane 269FabricPath and Spanning Tree Protocol 272Virtual PortChannel Plus 276Use Case: Evolution of Network PODs 281Summary 285Further Reading 286Chapter 7 Virtualized Chassis with Fabric Extenders 287Server Access Models 288Understanding Fabric Extenders 291Fabric Extender Options 295Connecting a Fabric Extender to a Parent Switch 296Fabric Extended Interfaces and Spanning Tree Protocol 299Fabric Interfaces Redundancy 301Fabric Extender Topologies 305Straight-Through Topologies 305Dual-Homed Topologies 309Use Case: Mixed Access Data Center 315Summary 317Further Reading 318Chapter 8 A Tale of Two Data Centers 319A Brief History of Distributed Data Centers 321The Cold Age (Mid-1970s to 1980s) 321The Hot Age (1990s to Mid-2000s) 322The Active-Active Age (Mid-2000s to Today) 324The Case for Layer 2 Extensions 324Challenges of Layer 2 Extensions 325Ethernet Extensions over Optical Connections 327Virtual PortChannels 328FabricPath 330Ethernet Extensions over MPLS 332MPLS Basic Concepts 333Ethernet over MPLS 338Virtual Private LAN Service 342Ethernet Extensions over IP 352MPLS over GRE 352Overlay Transport Virtualization 354OTV Terminology 357OTV Basic Configuration 359OTV Loop Avoidance and Multihoming 365Migration to OTV 366OTV Site Designs 373VLAN Identifiers and Layer 2 Extensions 377Internal Routing in Connected Data Centers 380Use Case: Active-Active Greenfield Data Centers 382Summary 384Further Reading 386Part III Virtualization in Storage TechnologiesChapter 9 Storage Evolution 387Data Center Storage Devices 387Hard Disk Drives 388Disk Arrays 389Tape Drives and Libraries 390Accessing Data in Rest 391Block-Based Access 392Small Computer Systems Interface 392Mainframe Storage Access 396Advanced Technology Attachment 397File Access 397Network File System 398Common Internet File System 398Record Access 398Storage Virtualization 399Virtualizing Storage Devices 402Virtualizing LUNs 404Virtualizing File Systems 406Virtualizing SANs 407Summary 408Further Reading 408Chapter 10 Islands in the SAN 409Some Fibre Channel Definitions 410Fibre Channel Layers 411Fibre Channel Topologies and Port Types 412Fibre Channel Addressing 413Frames, Sequences, and Exchanges 415Flow Control 417Classes of Service 420Fabric Processes 420Fabric Initialization 422Fabric Shortest Path First 424Register State Change Notification 426Fibre Channel Logins 427Zoning 429Defining and Exploring VSANs 430SAN Islands 430VSAN Creation 432VSAN Trunking 434Zoning and VSANs 439FSPF and VSANs 442VSAN Scoping 445Use Case: SAN Consolidation 447Summary 450Further Reading 451Chapter 11 Secret Identities 453Fibre Channel over IP 454FCIP High Availability 460Use Case: SAN Extension with Traffic Engineering 462Inter-VSAN Routing 464IVR Infrastructure 465IVR Zoning 467Use Case: Transit VSAN 472N_Port Virtualization 473Configuring N_Port Virtualization 476NPV Traffic Management 482Deploying Port WWN Virtualization on NPV 486Use Case: Blade Server Hosting Data Center 488Summary 490Further Reading 491Chapter 12 One Cable to Unite Us All 493The Case for Data Center Networking Convergence 495Data Center Bridging 497Priority-Based Flow Control 498Enhanced Transmission Selection 500Data Center Bridging eXchange Protocol 501Congestion Notification 503Introducing Fibre Channel over Ethernet 504FCoE Elements 505FCoE Initialization Protocol 507Deploying Unified Server Access 509Configuring Unified Server Access on Single-Context Switches 510Configuring Unified Server Access with Storage VDCs 519Configuring Multihop FCoE 523Configuring Virtual Fibre Channel PortChannels 528FCoE N_Port Virtualization 532Unified Fabric Designs 535Server Access Layer Unified Designs 536FCoE and Virtual PortChannels 538FCoE and Blade Servers 540Beyond the Access Layer 542Converged Access Model 542Converged Aggregation Model 543FCoE and SAN Extension 545Use Case: LAN and SAN Management Separation 546Summary 556Further Reading 557Part IV Virtualization in Server TechnologiesChapter 13 Server Evolution 559Server Architectures 560Mainframes 560RISC Servers 561x86 Servers 562x86 Hardware Evolution 562CPU Evolution 564Memory Evolution 566Expansion Bus Evolution 569Physical Format Evolution 571Introducing x86 Server Virtualization 572Virtualization Unleashed 574Unified Computing 578Summary 580Further Reading 580Chapter 14 Changing Personalities 581Server Provisioning Challenges 583Server Domain Operations 584Infrastructure Domain Operations 585Unified Computing and Service Profiles 586Building Service Profiles 588Identifying a Service Profile 594Storage Definitions 595Network Definitions 599Virtual Interface Placement 602Server Boot Order 604Maintenance Policy 606Server Assignment 606Operational Policies 608Configuration 608External IPMI Management Configuration 609Management IP Address 610Additional Policies 611Associating a Service Profile to a Server 612Installing an Operating System 620Verifying Stateless Computing 625Using Policies 626BIOS Setting Policies 627Firmware Policies 633Industrializing Server Provisioning 637Cloning 638Pools 639Service Profile Templates 640Server Pools 649Use Case: Seasonal Workloads 653Summary 655Further Reading 656Chapter 15 Transcending the Rack 657Introduction to Virtual Networking 658Virtual Switch Challenges 660Cisco Nexus 1000V Architecture 661Nexus 1000V Communication Modes 663Port Profiles and Dynamic Interface Provisioning 664Deploying Nexus 1000V 666External Connectivity and Link Aggregation 684NX-OS Features in the Virtual World 688MAC Address Table 691Access Lists 692Online Migrations and Nexus 1000V 693Virtual Extensible Local Area Networks 697Introducing Virtual Machine Fabric Extender 705Deploying VM-FEX 707Enabling Dynamic vNICs on a UCS Service Profile 707Preparing VMware vSphere Host to Deploy VM-FEX 709Using the UCS Manager VMware Integration Wizard 711Migrating Virtual Machines to VM-FEX 716Online Migrations and VM-FEX 720VM-FEX High-Performance Mode 723Use Case: Data Center Merging 731Summary 733Further Reading 734Chapter 16 Moving Targets 735Virtual Network Services Definitions 736Virtual Network Services Data Path 738vPath-Enabled Virtual Network Services 740Cisco Virtual Security Gateway: Compute Virtual Firewall 742Installing Virtual Security Gateway 743Creating Security Policies 745Sending Data Traffic to VSG 747Virtual Machine Attributes and Virtual Zones 751Cisco ASA 1000V: Edge Virtual Firewall 754Installing ASA 1000V 755Sending Data Traffic to ASA 1000V 758Configuring Security Policies on ASA 1000V 761Application Acceleration 763WAN Acceleration and Online Migration 769Routing in the Virtual World 771Site Selection and Server Virtualization 775Route Health Injection 775Global Server Load Balancing 777Location/ID Separation Protocol 779Use Case: Virtual Data Center 781Summary 783Further Reading 784Part V End-to-End VirtualizationChapter 17 The Virtual Data Center and Cloud Computing 785The Virtual Data Center 786Automation and Standardization 789What Is Cloud Computing? 793Cloud Implementation Example 797Journey to the Cloud 799Networking in the Clouds 800Software-Defined Networks 800OpenStack 801Network Overlays 802Cisco Open Network Environment 804Before We Go... 805Summary 806Further Reading 807Part VI: AppendixesAppendix A Cisco Data Center Portfolio 809Cisco Application Control Engine 809Cisco Adaptive Security Appliances 5585-X 811Cisco ASA 1000V Cloud Firewall 812Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches 813Cisco Cloud Portal 816Cisco Intelligent Automation Solutions 817Automation Software Components 817Cisco Intelligent Automation for Cloud Solution 819Cisco Intelligent Automation for SAP 820Cisco MDS 9000 Series Multilayer Switches 820Cisco Prime Network Analysis Module 823Cisco Nexus Data Center Switches 823Cisco Nexus 1000V Series Switches 824Nexus 1010 and 1100 Virtual Services Appliances 824Cisco Nexus 2000 Series Fabric Extenders 825Cisco Nexus 3000 Series Switches 827Cisco Nexus 4000 Series Switches 828Cisco Nexus 5000 and 5500 Series Switches 829Cisco Nexus 6000 Series Switches 831Cisco Nexus 7000 Series Switches 832Cisco Unified Computing System 835Cisco 6100 and 6200 Series Fabric Interconnects 836Cisco UCS 5100 Series Blade Server Chassis 836Cisco UCS 2100 and 2200 Series Fabric Extenders 837Cisco UCS B-Series Blade Servers 837Cisco UCS C-Series Rack Servers 838Cisco UCS Virtual Interface Cards 839Unified Management Solutions 840Cisco Application Network Manager 840Cisco Prime Data Center Network Manager 841Cisco UCS Manager and UCS Central 842Virtual Network Management Center 843Virtual Security Gateway 843Virtualization Techniques Mapping 844Further Reading 844Appendix B IOS, NX-OS, and Application Control Software Command-LineInterface Basics 847IOS Command-Line Interface Basics 847Command Modes 848Getting Context-Sensitive Help 850Abbreviating Commands and Using Shortcuts 854Managing Configuration Files 855Using Debug Commands 858NX-OS Command-Line Interface 859NX-OS Access 860NX-OS Modularity 861NX-OS and Running Configuration Files 863NX-OS Command-Line Interface Optimizations 866Configuration Version Management, Batches, and Scripts 866Application Control Software Command-Line Interface 870Index 873
