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A practical guide to the design and deployment of content switching solutions for mission-critical applications in data center environmentsDesign and deploy content switching solutions in the data center using this definitive guide Learn about various content switching design approaches with implementation details, requirements for each solution, and design caveats Examine detailed case studies that include configuration examples based on deployed content switching solutions Explore scaling server load balancing within the data center, integrated data center design, and GSLB using DNS or IP Assists network administrators in managing their content switching solutionsWith the advent of e-commerce and Internet-accessible applications, more and more enterprises and service providers rely on data center services to grow their businesses. Content switching solutions, such as load balancing, caching, and disaster recovery for applications, are an essential data center technology and a key to helping businesses run in an efficient and redundant fashion. Understanding content switching solutions is a must for network designers, engineers, and administrators who need to scale their networks to meet the demands of their business.Designing Content Switching Solutions helps you understand content switching solutions using Cisco (R) content switching products. You'll get a thorough grounding in the theories and concepts behind content switching and then examine specific solutions through case studies. The case studies in Designing Content Switching Solutions emulate real-world scenarios for the solutions covering some of the common features and functionality deployed in production networks.Designing Content Switching Solutions begins by introducing you to server load balancing (SLB), load balancing HTTP, VPNs, firewalls, and migrations between SLB devices. From there, you move to Secure Socket Layer (SSL) using Cisco products, including providing end-to-end encryption from client to server using backend SSL. Later chapters explore advanced techniques, such as how to provide distributed data center solutions using global server load balancing (GSLB) and how to conduct scaling and integration of SLB with SSL and GSLB.Intended for data center architects and managers, network engineers, network administrators, and project managers, Designing Content Switching Solutions shows you the best practices for each content switching solution, enabling you to design and deploy the most critical content switching solutions in the data center.
Contents
ForewordIntroductionPart I Server Load Balancing (SLB)Chapter 1 Introduction to Server Load BalancingWhy Load Balance?ScalabilityAvailability and RedundancySecurityCost EffectivenessHistory of Server Load BalancingFirst-Generation Load BalancersSecond-Generation Load BalancersThird-Generation Load BalancersCharacterization of the ApplicationProtocol and PortSessions per SecondDuration of TransactionConcurrent SessionsIdle TimeoutBack End SessionsSession StickinessSLB and SLB ModesDispatch ModeDirected ModeSLB DesignsLayer 2 DesignLayer 3 DesignOne-Armed DesignDirect Server ReturnDeciding on a Load BalancerReview of Infrastructure Design ConceptsVLANsSTPDot1Q TrunkingDual Homed ServersSummaryChapter 2 Introduction to the Cisco Content Services SwitchCSS 11500 Platforms OverviewCSS 11501CSS 11503CSS 11506CSS 11500 ArchitectureDistributed ArchitectureCSS 11500 ModulesSwitch Control Module for the Cisco 11500SSL Module for the Cisco 11500I/O Modules for the Cisco 11500Session Accelerator Module for the Cisco 11500Load Balancing with CSS 11500Services, Owners, and Content RulesCSS 11500 Flow OverviewWebNS Software FeaturesInfrastructure-Level FeaturesLoad-Balancing AlgorithmsHigh AvailabilitySSL Integration for Security and PerformanceLocal and Global Load BalancingSite and System SecuritySummary of WebNS FeaturesCase Study: CSS-Based SolutionServer and Application RequirementsManagement and Security RequirementsInfrastructure RequirementsDesign OptionsTraffic FlowTest and VerificationSummaryChapter 3 Introduction to the Cisco Content Switching ModuleBenefits of the Content Switch ModuleCSM ArchitectureLoad Balancing with Content Switching ModuleReal Server, Virtual Server, SLB Policy, and MoreLoad Balancing MethodsVLAN TagClient Group (Access Control List)IP Protocol SupportHigh AvailabilityConnection RedundancyUser Session PersistenceA Typical CSM Traffic FlowRouting with CSMCSM Network Integration OptionsCSM Layer 2 Design-Bridged ModeCSM Layer 3 Design I-Routed Mode with MSFC on the Client SideCSM Layer 3 Design II-Routed Mode with MSFC on the Server SideCSM Layer 3 Design III-One-Armed CSM DesignCSM Layer 3 Design IV-Direct Server ReturnCase Study: CSM-Based SolutionServer and Application RequirementsManagement and Security RequirementsInfrastructure RequirementsDesign OptionsTraffic FlowTest and VerificationSummaryChapter 4 Layer 7 Load Balancing and Content CustomizationBenefits of Layer 7 Load BalancingScalability and Application AccelerationSession PersistenceContent CustomizationIntroduction to TCPData SegmentsTCP HeadersTCP Connection Establishment and TerminationTCP Flow ControlIntroduction to HTTPProtocol DetailsHTTP Header FieldsDifferences Between HTTP Versions 1.0 and 1.1Layer 7 Load Balancing MechanismsHTTP Methods-Based Load BalancingHTTP URL-Based Load BalancingHTTP Cookie-Based Load BalancingHTTP Cookie Passive-Based PersistenceHTTP Cookie Learn-Based PersistenceHTTP Cookie Insert-Based PersistenceCase Study: Layer 7-Based SolutionServer and Application RequirementsInfrastructure ConfigurationProbe ConfigurationOnline Download ApplicationOnline Shop ApplicationOnline User Profile ApplicationMaximum HTTP Request Parse LengthCSM ConfigurationTest and VerificationSummaryChapter 5 Firewall Load BalancingReasons for and Benefits of FWLBScalabilityRedundancyManageabilityTypes of FirewallsPacket-Based FirewallsApplication-Based FirewallsApplication Gateway or Proxy FirewallsLayer 2 or Stealth FirewallsCase Study: Firewall Load BalancingServer and Application RequirementsSecurity RequirementsInfrastructure RequirementsFWLB Design ConsiderationsFWLB ProbesTraffic to the FirewallsTraffic from the FirewallsRouter or Secure ModeBridge ModeFWLB AlgorithmsConfiguration Details of the INET SegmentConfiguration Details of the DMZ SegmentConfiguration Details of the LAN SegmentTest and VerificationSummaryChapter 6 Transparent and Proxy Cache Load BalancingBenefits of CachingCaching OverviewMechanics of HTTP CachingHTTP Response Status CodeHTTP Request MethodsHTTP Cache-Control DirectivesExpiration and ValidationRequest AuthenticationCisco Application Content Networking and CachingACNS RolesACNS Content TypesContent Engine ArchitectureTransparent Caching ModesWCCP ProtocolsRedirection with the CSSIP SpoofingProxy Caching OverviewServer Proxy (Reverse Proxy Caching)Supported Protocols on the Content EngineAuthentication and Management on the Content EngineContent Engine ModelsCase Study: Content Engine in a Transparent Caching-Based SolutionDesign RequirementsDesign OptionsConfiguration DetailsSummaryChapter 7 Load Balancing Streaming Video ServersBenefits of Load Balancing Streaming Video ServersScalabilityRedundancyIntroduction to StreamingVideo Streaming Clients and ProtocolsMethods of Video Stream InitiationTypes of Streaming Video ServersApple QuickTimeRealMediaWindows Media TechnologyStreaming Video ProtocolsMicrosoft Media Server (MMS)RTP and RTSPCase Study: Load-Balancing Solution for Video StreamingCSS-Based SolutionCSM-Based SolutionSummaryChapter 8 Virtual Private Network Load BalancingBenefits of VPN Load BalancingIntroduction to Virtual Private NetworksVirtual Private Network ProtocolsInternet Key Exchange Protocol (IKE)ESP and AHCase Study: VPN Load-Balanced SolutionIKE RequirementsESP RequirementsIPsec over UDP RequirementsDesign OptionsDirected Mode SolutionDispatch Mode SolutionSummaryChapter 9 Content Switching Device MigrationsMotivation Behind MigrationEvolution of Load BalancingAdvanced Load-Balancing MethodsScalability and PerformanceSoftware Features and FunctionalityMigration PlanningMigration TeamFallback PlanMethods and Procedures for the Maintenance WindowApplication TestingCase Study: Migration from CSS to CSMInfrastructure RequirementsServer and Application RequirementsMigration Configuration and Design DetailsSummaryPart II Secure Socket LayerChapter 10 SSL OffloadingIntroduction to SSLPublic Key CryptographySSL Protocol CommunicationSSL Protocol StructureSSL Protocol VersionsIntroduction to SSLMsSSLM for the Catalyst 6500SSLM DeploymentsSSLM on the CSSCase Study: CSM and SSLM-Based SolutionDesign RequirementsDesign Details of a CSM and an SSLM-Based SolutionConfiguration DetailsSummaryChapter 11 Back-End SSL OffloadingBack-End SSL on ModulesBack-End SSL on the SSLM for the Catalyst 6500Back-End SSL on the SSLM on the CSSCase Study: Back-End SSL SolutionRequirementsDesign OptionsConfiguration DetailsSummaryPart III Distributed Data CentersChapter 12 Global Server Load BalancingMotivation for GSLBDomain Name System (DNS) OverviewDNS Architecture ComponentsDNS Resolution ProcessDNS Resource Records and ZonesTypes of DNS QueriesGlobal Site SelectorGSLB Using GSSGSS Features and PerformanceCase Study: GSLB Solution Using GSSRequirementsTopologyGSS Network SetupGSS Secondary GSSM ActivationCSS Setup in Primary Data CenterCSS Setup in Secondary Data CenterGSS Setup for the www.roundrobin.com DomainGSS Setup for the www.sticky.com DomainConfiguration DetailsSummaryChapter 13 IP-Based GSLB Using RHIBenefits of Using RHIArchitectureActive/Standby Site-to-Site RecoveryAutonomous System PrependingBGP Conditional AdvertisementsDesign LimitationsImplementation Details for Active/Standby ScenariosAS PrependingBGP Conditional AdvertisementActive/Active Site-to-Site Load DistributionImplementation Details for Active/Active ScenariosOSPF Route Redistribution and SummarizationBGP Route Redistribution and Route PreferenceLoad Balancing Without IGP Between SitesSubnet-Based Load Balancing Using IGP Between SitesApplication-Based Load Balancing Using IGP Between SitesUsing NAT in Active/Active Load-Balancing SolutionsSummaryPartIV DataCenter DesignsChapter 14 Scaling Server Load Balancing within a Data CenterBenefits of Scaling Content SwitchingScalabilityPerformanceScaling MethodologiesDistribution of ApplicationsUsing DNS for Application ScalabilityUsing Route Health Injection for Application ScalabilityApplication Distribution ApproachDNS-Based Scaling ApproachPredictable Traffic FlowEase of Management and MaintenanceRHI-Based Scaling ApproachCSM RHI ConfigurationMSFC RHI Configuration and RoutesScaling Beyond Server CapacityCase Study: Scalable SLB EnvironmentServer and Application RequirementsManagement and Security RequirementsInfrastructure RequirementsDNS-Based DesignRHI-Based DesignTesting Maximum ConnectionsSummaryChapter 15 Integrated Data Center DesignsMotivations Behind Integrated Data Center DesignsData Center Design 1: FWSM in the Core and Layer 3 CSM in AggregationDesign 1 Topology DetailsDesign 1 DetailsDesign 1 Configuration DetailsData Center Design 2: Layer 3 FWSM and Layer 2 CSM in AggregationDesign 2 Topology DetailsDesign 2 CaveatsDesign 2 Configuration DetailsData Center Design 3: Layer 3 FWSM and Layer 2 CSM in AggregationDesign 3 Topology DetailsDesign 3 CaveatsDesign 3 Configuration DetailsData Center Design 4: Layer 3 FWSM and Layer 2 CSM in AggregationDesign 4 Topology DetailsDesign 4 CaveatsDesign 4 Configuration DetailsCase Study: Integrated Data Center DesignDesign DetailsPrimary CSS (CSS 11506-1) Configuration DetailsBackup CSS (CSS 11506-2) Configuration DetailsCatalyst 6509 Configuration DetailsFWSM Configuration DetailsSummaryIndex
