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As concerns for our environment have increased globally, the study of plants has evolved to address these issues.The updated course content of the 2nd edition of Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World introduces students to some of the NEW cutting edge discoveries and updates in nomenclature. The expanded course content includes sample syllabi, an instructor's manual, exams, quiz questions, and PowerPoint (R) presentations.Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World introduces the reader to the dynamic world of plant science by providing the most up-to-date information and technology available. Written by authors with diverse plant science specialties and backgrounds, Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World addresses the entire gamut of plant science. The publication begins with the study of physiology and morphology of plants and then addresses the evolution, genetics, and classification.Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World:is organized thematically to highlight the diversity of the different plant systems while focusing on the plant functions which ultimately determines their unique positions in the web of life. enhances the learning process by including beautiful imagery in the text; the accompanying website features interactive exercises, links to additional articles, self-review questions, and an online glossary.features access to an adaptive learning platform which allows each student to have a personal experience as they move through the material.Introductory Plant Science: Investigating the Green World is divided in to six units:Structure of the Green World - concentrates on the building blocks such as cells and tissuesReproduction in the Green World - introduces common methods of sexual and asexual reproductionPhysiological Processes of the Green World - features photosynthesis and respiration along with plant responses to environmental conditionsOrigin and Organization of the Green World - an exploration of evolution and genetics as the driving forces behind the diversity of plant lifeInhabitants of the Green World - a review of phylogeny and taxonomy give the platform for reviewing different classifications used for plantsThe Green World in the Web of Life - a rich exploration of biomes, ecosystems, and plant populations along with diverse uses found for plants
Contents
PrefaceAbout the BookAcknowledgmentsAbout the AuthorsChapter 1 The Science of Plants Learning ObjectivesThe Importance of PlantsPlant Domestication and Global AgricultureCharacteristics of LifeLiving Organisms Have Cell(s) and Are OrganizedLiving Organisms Acquire Energy and MaterialsLiving Organisms Grow and DevelopLiving Organisms ReproduceLiving Organisms Respond to StimuliLiving Organisms Adapt to Their EnvironmentDiversity of LifeClassification of Living OrganismsUnique Characteristics of PlantsThe Science of PlantsDisciplines of Plant ScienceScientific ProcessesKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesSection I Structure of the Green World Chapter 2 Essential Molecules of Life Learning ObjectivesWater: The Main Component of LifeWater Is a Polar MoleculeWater Molecules Stick Together and to Other Polar MoleculesWater Is an Important SolventWater Provides Evaporative CoolingFour Classes of Organic Molecules: The Foundations and Structures of LifeCarbohydrates Provide Fuel and Structure for LifeNucleic Acids Make up the Blueprint of LifeProteins Are the Substance of LifeLipids Provide Fuel and Barrier for LifeKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 3 Cells and Tissues Learning ObjectivesHistory of Cell DiscoveryScientists Who Discovered CellsDevelopment of the Cell TheoryCells Are Tiny Units of LifeSmaller the BetterObserving Cells with MicroscopesBasic Cell TypesThe Two Basic Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsCommon Cell Structures and FunctionsThe Plasma Membrane: Selective BarrierThe Cytoplasm-Metabolic Center and Internal TransportDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): Blueprint of LifeThe Nucleus: Control CenterThe Endoplasmic Reticulum-Biomolecule FactoriesDictyosomes or Golgi Apparatus: Packaging and Shipping CenterVacuoles: Storage FacilitiesMitochondria: Energy PowerhousesRibosomes: Protein FactoriesPlant Cell Structures and FunctionsChloroplasts: The Green Plastids That Make FoodChromoplasts: Colorful Plastids That Add a Touch of Color to the Green WorldLeucoplasts: Colorless Plastids That Store StuffsThe Cell Wall: Support and ProtectionDifferences and Similarities between Plant and Animal CellsPlant Tissue Systems and FunctionsGround Tissue System: The Storage and Support SystemVascular Tissue System: The Transport SystemDermal Tissue System: The Protective CoveringKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 4 Roots Learning ObjectivesRoot FunctionTypes of Root SystemsSpecialized RootsRoots for StabilizationRoots for Extra StorageRoots for Extra AnchorageRoot StructuresThe Region of Cell DivisionThe Region of Cell ElongationThe Region of MaturationMonocot and Eudicot RootsAssociations and Symbiotic RelationshipsAssociation with FungiAssociation with Nitrogen-Fixing BacteriaKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 5 Stems Learning ObjectivesWhat Is a Stem?Stem FunctionsStructural Differences in Stem DevelopmentPrimary GrowthOrganization of Vascular TissuesSecondary Growth of Eudicots and GymnospermsMonocots Lack Secondary GrowthStem ClassificationBranch and Stem ComponentsLeaf AttachmentSpecialized StemsBulbsKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 6 Leaves Learning ObjectivesLeaf MorphologyExternal MorphologyInternal MorphologyLeaf FunctionsProcessesWater RetentionPlant ProtectionSupportPollinationTrapping FoodIdentification and ClassificationLeaf ComplexityLeaf VenationLeaf Shape and ColorResponse of Leaves to the EnvironmentHeat and DroughtChanging SeasonsAir PollutionKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesSection II Reproduction in the Green World Chapter 7 Flowers and Sexual Reproduction Learning ObjectivesSexual versus Asexual ReproductionThe Complete FlowerSepals and TepalsPetalsStamensPistilsFlowers and Their PollinatorsIdentification and Classification of FlowersSymmetryCorolla TypesInflorescence MorphologyConstructing a Floral FormulaKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 8 Fruits, Seeds, Dissemination, and Germination Learning ObjectivesFruit Development and StructureFruit DevelopmentStructural ComponentsFruits and Their Seed Dispersal MechanismsIdentification and Classification of Fruiting StructuresPropagation by SeedGerminationDormancyQuiescencePhysiological DormancyPhysical DormancyDouble DormancySeed Production and StorageSeed CertificationSeed PreservationKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 9 Asexual Reproduction and Plant Propagation Learning ObjectivesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Asexual ReproductionAdvantages of Asexual PropagationDisadvantages of Asexual PropagationTypes of Asexual PropagationVegetative CuttingsGraftingBuddingLayeringUnderground Plant PartsMicropropagationApomixisKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesSection III Physiological Processes of the Green World Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Learning ObjectivesThe Role of Photosynthesis for Life on EarthThe Nature and Function of Light in PhotosynthesisPigments and Their Role in PhotosynthesisChlorophyllAccessory PigmentsChloroplasts and PhotosystemsPhotosystemsThe Light Reactions and the Calvin-Benson CycleThe Light ReactionsThe Calvin-Benson CycleC PhotosynthesisComparing the C and C PathwaysCrassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)Environmental Factors Affecting PhotosynthesisLight IntensityTemperatureCarbon DioxideKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 11 Respiration Learning ObjectivesAerobic RespirationGlycolysisPyruvate Conversion to Acetyl Coenzyme AThe TCA or Krebs CycleThe Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative PhosphorylationChemiosmosis and Oxidative PhosphorylationControl of Respiration Through Feedback MechanismsAnaerobic RespirationRespiration and Fresh ProduceKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 12 Plant Responses to Hormonal and Environmental Stimuli Learning ObjectivesSignal Reception and TransductionPlant HormonesAuxinCytokininsGibberellins (GA)Abscisic AcidEthyleneBrassinosteroids and Other Plant HormonesResponses to LightBlue LightRed and Far-Red LightResponses to GravityResponses to Mechanical StimuliResponses to Environmental SignalsResponses to Pathogens, Insects, and HerbivoresHypersensitive ResponseSystem-Acquired ResistanceDefenses against HerbivoresKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 13 Soils, Plant Nutrition, and Transport in Plants Learning ObjectivesSoilsSoil HorizonsSoil Texture and StructureEssential Elements for Plant GrowthNutrient DeficiencyNutrient Availability and Cation ExchangeNutrient and Water UptakeMovement of Molecules across MembranesPassive Transport: Diffusion, Channels, and CarriersActive Transport: Proton PumpsPassive Ion ExclusionActive Ion ExclusionNutrient Uptake through LeavesSymbiotic Microorganisms Providing NutrientsWater and Solute Transport in the PlantWater Potential and Water TransportRoot PressureCapillary ActionThe Cohesion-Tension TheoryPlant Water Uptake in Dry or Saline SoilsTranslocationThe Pressure-Flow HypothesisPhloem Loading and UnloadingKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesSection IV Continuity of the Green World Chapter 14 Cell Cycle and Plant Life Cycle Learning ObjectivesProkaryotic Cell CycleEukaryotic Cell CycleInterphase: Preparation between Cell DivisionMitosis: Cell Division That Produces GrowthCytokinesis: Physical Separation of CellsMeiosis: Essential Cell Division for Sexual ReproductionMeiosis and Sexual Reproduction Generates Genetic VariationKey Role of Cell Division in The Unique Life Cycle of PlantsKey TermsSummaryReflectReferenceChapter 15 Patterns of Inheritance Learning ObjectivesPatterns of InheritanceMendelian InheritanceOne-Character Inheritance or Single-Factor CrossesTwo-Character Inheritance or Two-Factor CrossesMendel's Principles of InheritanceComplex Pattern of InheritanceImportance and Impact of Plant BreedingTraditional Breeding and HybridizationSomatic Fusion and Tissue CultureGenetic Modification or EngineeringKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 16 Molecular Basis of Inheritance Learning ObjectivesMolecular Basis of InheritanceDNA Structure and OrganizationDNA ReplicationGene ExpressionMutationsKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 17 Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Plants Learning ObjectivesCombining DNA from Different Sources with Recombinant DNA TechnologyRecombinant DNA TechnologyRestriction Enzymes Cut DNA into FragmentsDNA Ligases Glue DNA Fragments TogetherWays to Deliver Foreign DNA Molecules into CellsUse of Reporter Genes to Identify Transformed CellsTechniques for Genetic Modification of PlantsUsing Agrobacterium tumefaciens to Transform Plant CellsUsing Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation Without Tissue CultureUsing Biolistics to Transform Plant CellsUsing Biolistics to Transform Plant PlastidsGenetically Modified Plants for Human BenefitGenetically Modified (GM) Crops in the United StatesGM Traits that Confer Tolerance to HerbicidesStacking GM TraitsGM Traits that Confer Resistance to InsectsGM Traits that Confer Resistance to VirusesGM Traits that Modified Product QualityGM Traits that Confer Tolerance to Abiotic StressGM Traits that Produce Therapeutic ProductsBenefits and Risks of Genetically Modified PlantsIncreased Economic Benefits to GrowersReduced Environmental Impacts from PesticidesEnhanced Product Quality and Improved Post-Harvest ProcessingPotential Health RisksPotential Impact on Nontarget OrganismsPotential Contamination of Foreign Genes into Wild SpeciesKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 18 Evolution Learning ObjectivesHistory of EvolutionEvolution by Natural Selection According to Darwin and WallaceEvidence in Support of EvolutionBasis of Natural SelectionGenetic Composition and EvolutionThe Hardy-Weinberg LawProcesses of EvolutionMutationGene FlowGenetic DriftNonrandom MatingNatural SelectionMicroevolution and MacroevolutionThe Pace of EvolutionAdaptive RadiationConvergent EvolutionCoevolutionSpeciationReproductive IsolationAllopatrySympatryRejoining of Isolated PopulationsKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesSection V Diversity of the Green World Chapter 19 Phylogeny and Taxonomy Learning ObjectivesClassification SystemsHierarchical Classification and TaxonomyBinomial NomenclatureRules for Writing Scientific NamesHow to Handle HybridsSystematics and CladisticsSystematicsCladisticsDomainsKey TermsSummaryReflectChapter 20 Cyanobacteria and Algae Learning ObjectivesCharacteristics of the Inhabitants of the Green WorldTaking a Closer Look at CyanobacteriaDifferences in Body Forms and StructuresDifferences in Cell DivisionDifferent Types of CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria that Fix NitrogenCyanobacteria Acting as ChloroplastsThe "Other" Cyanobacteria: ProchlorophytesTaking a Closer Look at AlgaeWhat Are Protists?Different Types of AlgaeGreen Algae Are the Closest Relatives of PlantsRed Algae Are Close Relatives of Green Algae and PlantsBrown Algae Are the Giants of the Algal WorldDiatoms Are Algae with Glass ShellsDinofl agellates Are Troublemakers of the Algal WorldEuglenoids Have Characteristics of Plants and AnimalsImportance of Cyanobacteria and Algae to HumansImportant PhytoplanktonToxic Blooms and Dead ZonesBiofuel ProducersFood and Industrial ProductsKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 21 The Plant Kingdom Learning ObjectivesEvolution of Land Plants (Embryophytes)Major Plant GroupsAncestors of PlantsEmergence and Diversifi cation of Land PlantsCharacteristics of Land Plants (Kingdom Plantae)Complex PolymersMulticellular StructuresUnique Life Cycle Alternation of GenerationsAssociations with Mycorrhizal FungiKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 22 Bryophytes Learning ObjectivesEvolutionary Relationships among BryophytesCharacteristics of BryophytesTaking a Closer Look at LiverwortsThe Gametophyte GenerationThe Sporophyte GenerationAsexual ReproductionTaking a Closer Look at HornwortsThe Gametophyte GenerationThe Sporophyte GenerationAsexual ReproductionTaking a Closer Look at MossesThe Gametophyte GenerationThe Sporophyte GenerationAsexual ReproductionImportance of Bryophytes to HumansHorticultural UsesHousehold and Industrial UsesFuel ProductionMedical UsesEcological Importance and UsesKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 23 Lycophytes and Ferns Learning ObjectivesEvolution of Vascular Plants (Eutracheophytes)The Sporophyte Became DominantEmergence of Vascular Tissues, Stems, and RootsEvolution of LeavesCharacteristics of Seedless Vascular PlantsTaking a Closer Look at LycophytesTaking a Closer Look at FernsTaking a Closer Look at HorsetailsTaking a Closer Look at Whisk FernsImportance of Seedless Vascular Plants to HumansHorticultural and Agricultural UsesHousehold and Industrial UsesFoodMedical UsesCoal FormationKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 24 Gymnosperms Learning ObjectivesEvolution of Seed Vascular Plants (Spermatophytes)Sporangia Became IndehiscentGametophytes Became DependentPollen DevelopmentSeed DevelopmentSporophytes Became WoodyCharacteristics of GymnospermsEvolutionary Relationships among GymnospermsTaking a Closer Look at Cycads and Their UsesTaking a Closer Look at Ginkgo and Its UsesTaking a Closer Look at Conifers and Their UsesTaking a Closer Look at Gnetophytes and Their UsesKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 25 Angiosperms Learning ObjectivesCharacteristics of AngiospermsFlower DevelopmentEvolutionary Trends among FlowersSeed DevelopmentFruit DevelopmentEvolutionary Relationships among AngiospermsBasal AngiospermsCore AngiospermsTaking a Closer Look at Magnoliids and Their ImportanceThe Magnolia Family (Magnoliaceae)Taking a Closer Look at Monocots and Their ImportanceThe Lily Family (Liliaceae)The Orchid Family (Orchidaceae)The Grass Family (Poaceae)Taking a Closer Look at Eudicots and Their ImportanceThe Bean or Legume Family (Fabaceae)The Rose Family (Rosaceae)The Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae)The Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)The Nightshade Family (Solanaceae)The Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)Key TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 26 Fungi: Friends or Foes of the Green World Learning ObjectivesCharacteristics of FungiEvolutionary RelationshipsUnique Cell Structure and Body FormUnique ReproductionDifferent Types of FungiTaking a Closer Look at ChytridiomycotaTaking a Closer Look at GlomeromycotaTaking a Closer Look at AscomycotaTaking a Closer Look at BasidiomycotaImportance of Fungi to the Green WorldMycorrhizae: Partnerships between Fungi and Plant RootsEndophytes: Partnerships between Fungi and PlantsPathogens: Parasites of PlantsLichens: Partnerships between Fungi and Algae or CyanobacteriaImportant Decomposers and Biogeochemical Transformers:Recycling Nutrients for PlantsKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesSection VI The Green World in the Web of Life Chapter 27 Ecosystems and Biomes Learning ObjectivesGlobal Climate PatternsBiomes of the WorldArctic TundraBoreal ForestTemperate Coniferous ForestTemperate Broadleaf and Mixed ForestsTemperate Grasslands, Savannas, and ShrublandsDeserts and Xeric ShrublandsTropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf ForestsKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 28 Dynamics of Plant Communities and Populations Learning ObjectivesLevels of Ecological StudiesInteractions between OrganismsMutualismCommensalismCompetitionParasitism or PredationPopulation EcologyEcosystem Dynamics and Human ActivityEnergy Flow in EcosystemsThe Food Chain and Food WebEnergy Transfer in EcosystemsBiogeochemical CyclesThe Carbon CycleThe Nitrogen CycleEcological SuccessionSuccession on Mount St. Helens Following a Volcanic EruptionKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesChapter 29 Plants as Food, Commercial Products, and Pharmaceuticals Learning ObjectivesHistory of Plant Domestication for Food and Other UsesFood Plants Essential to HumansGrasses: Maize, Rice, Wheat, and Other GrassesLegumesPotatoes, Cassava, Sweet Potatoes, and Other StarchesFruits, Nuts, and VegetablesPlant Oils and SugarCommercial ProductsFlavored and Fermented BeveragesHerbs and SpicesPaper, Cloth, and WoodMedicinal PlantsKey TermsSummaryReflectReferencesGlossary Index
