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Full Description
This volume presents the contributions delivered at the "Josef-Loschmidt-Sympo sium," which took place in Vienna, June 25-27, 1995. The symposium was arranged to honor Josef Loschmidt one hundred years after his death (8 July 1895), to evaluate the sig nificance of his contributions to chemistry and physics from a modem point of view and to trace the development of scientific fields in which he had done pioneering work. Loschmidt is widely known for the first calculation of the size of molecules (1865/66), which also led to values for the number of molecules in unit gas volume and for the mass of molecules. With critical analyses of problems in statistical physics he made important contributions to the development of that field, "Loschmidt's paradoxon" continuing to be a point of departure for present day studies and discussions. For decades there was little awareness that Loschmidt was a pioneer in organic struc tural chemistry. Only in recent years has Loschmidt's first scientific publication "Chemis che Studien I", published in 1861, become more widely known and it is now recognized that with his ideas on the structure of organic molecules he was greatly ahead of the chemists of that time. The papers in these proceedings are arranged in three sections: l. Organic structural chemistry (Chapters 1-12). 2. Physics and physical chemistry (Chapters 13-26). 3. Loschmidt's biography, Loschmidt's world (Chapters 27-33).
Contents
Organic Structural Chemistry.- 1. The Significance of the Hydrogen Bond for Physiology: Aromatic Rings as Hydrogen Bond Acceptors.- 2. Natural Product Structure Elucidation: 1950 ? 2000.- 3. Conformational Analysis: The Elevation of Two-Dimensional Formulas into the Third Dimension.- 4. Thoughts and Experiments on a Chemical Etiology of Nucleic Acid Structure.- 5. Loschmidt's Graphic Formulae of 1861: Forerunners of Modern Structural Formulae.- 6. Spheres from Dalton to Loschmidt: Insights into the Ways of Thinking of a Genius.- 7. Josef Loschmidt's Last Scientific Publication: "Stereochemische Studien I".- 8. Richard Anschütz, Archibald Scott Couper, and Josef Loschmidt.- 9. Organic Chemistry in Austria and Loschmidt's "Chemische Studien".- 10. Loschmidt and Venn: Symbolic Logic in Chemistry and Mathematics.- 11. Loschmidt's Achievements and Shortcomings in Elucidating the Structure of Organic Molecules.- 12. Configurational Stability and Reactions of Benzylic Carbanions with an Acyloxy or Dialkylphosphoryloxy Substituent.- Physics and Physical Chemistry.- 13. The Precise Determination of Loschmidt's Number (Avogadro Constant) as a Step towards a Redefinition of the SI Unit of Mass.- 14. Loschmidt's Reversibility Argument and the H-Theorem.- 15. The Arrow of Time: Statistics and the Universe.- 16. Stability of Matter.- 17. Visualization and Nanomanipulation of Molecules in the Scanning Tunnelling Microscope.- 18. Considerations about the "Constitution of the Ether".- 19. Four Papers by Loschmidt on the State of Thermal Equilibrium.- 20. Loschmidt's Papers "Experimental-Untersuchungen über die Diffusion von Gasen ohne Poröse Scheidewände".- 21. The Periodic System of the Elements and Prout's Hypothesis: Use and Interpretation byJosef Loschmidt.- 22. Josef Loschmidt and the Reality of Molecules.- 23. Loschmidt's Article "On the Size of Air Molecules" and Subsequent Work on Related Aspects of Atomistics.- 24. Microscopic Time-Reversibility and Macroscopic Irreversibility — Still a Paradox?.- 25. Imaging of Atomic Structures of Metals and Alloys by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy.- 26. Trace Gas Analysis with Integrating Spheres.- Loschmidt's Biography, Loschmidt's World.- 27. Josef Loschmidt—Some Biographical Remarks.- 28. From Curiosity to Passion: Loschmidt's Route from Philosophy to Natural Science.- 29. Scientific Discussion and Friendship between Loschmidt and Boltzmann.- 30. Josef Loschmidt's Economic Ideas: Protective Tariffs and National Welfare.- 31. Chemical Education in the Habsburg Monarchy's Universities and Technical Colleges around 1861.- 32. The Development of Chemical Formulae and Equations: An Evaluation of School Textbooks of the Period 1830-1871.- 33. The Leading Chemical Company in the Habsburg Empire: "Der Österreichische Verein für chemische und metallurgische Produktion zu Aussig a.d. Elbe".- Appendix A. The Scientific Publications of J. Loschmidt.- Appendix B. The Josef-Loschmidt-Symposium 1995.- Contributors.
