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Recent years have seen scholars in a wide range of disciplines re-evaluate the history of the Society of Jesus. In 1997, a group of scholars convened a major international conference to discuss the world of the Jesuits between 1540 and 1773 (the year of its suppression by papal edict). This meeting led to the creation of the first volume in this series, The Jesuits, which examined the worldwide Jesuit undertaking in such fields as music, art, architecture, devotional writing, mathematics, physics, astronomy, natural history, public performance, and education, with special attention to the Jesuits' interaction with non-European cultures.
This second volume, following a second conference in 2002, continues in a similar path as its predecessor, complementing the regional coverage with contributions on the Flemish and Iberian provinces, on the missions in Japan, and in post-Suppression Russia and the United States. The performing arts, like theatre and music, are broadly treated, and, in addition to continued attention to painting and architecture, the volume contains essays on a range of objets d'art, including statuary, reliquaries, and alter pieces - as well as on gardens, mechanical clocks, and related automata. Other themes include finances, natural theology, censorship within the Jesuit order, and the Society's relationship to women.
Perhaps most important, the volume gives particular attention to the eighteenth century, the 'age of disasters' for the Jesuits - the negative papal ruling on Chinese Rites, the destruction the of Paraguay Reductions, and the suppressions of the order that began in Portugal and that culminated in the general Suppression of 1773. With contributions from distinguished scholars from a dozen different countries, The Jesuits, II continues in the illustrious tradition of its predecessor to make an important contribution to religious memory.
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
ABBREVIATIONS
INTRODUCTION JOHN W. O'MALLEY, S . J.
PART ONE
The Society in Society
1 / Every Tub on Its Own Bottom: Funding a Jesuit College in Early Modern Europe
OLWEN HUFTON
2 / The Jesuits and the Art of Translation in Early Modern Europe
PETER BURKE
3 / Join the Jesuits, See the World: Early Modern Women in Spain and the Society of Jesus
ELIZABETH RHODES
4 / Between History and Myth: The Monita secreta Societatis Jesu
SABINA PAVONE
5 / Revolutionary Pedagogues? How Jesuits Used Education to Change Society
JUDI LOACH
6 / The Jesuit Garden
PETER DAVIDSON
PART TWO
The Visual Arts and the Arts of Persuasion
7 / Jesuit Uses of Art in the Province of Flanders
JEFFREY MULLER
8 / Meditation, Ministry, and Visual Rhetoric in Peter Paul Rubens's Program for the Jesuit Church in Antwerp
ANNA C. KNAP
9 / Art in the Service of God: The Impact of the Society of Jesus on the Decorative Arts in Portugal
NUNO VASSALLO E SILVA
10 / Cultural Convergence at the Ends of the Earth: The Unique Art and Architecture of the Jesuit Missions to the Chiloé Archipelago (1608-1767)
GAUVIN ALEXANDER BAILEY
11 / The Rural Churches of the Jesuit Haciendas on the Southern Peruvian Coast
HUMBERTO RODRÍGUEZ-CAMILLONI
12 / Suzhou Prints and Western Perspective: The Painting Techniques of Jesuit Artists at the Qing Court, and Dissemination of the Contemporary Court Style of Painting to Mid-Eighteenth-Century Chinese Society through Woodblock Prints
HIROMITSU KOBAYASHI
PART THREE
Scientific Knowledge, the Order of Nature, and Natural Theology
13 / Picturing Jesuit Anti-Copernican Consensus: Astronomy and Biblical Exegesis in the Engraved Title-Page of Clavius's Opera mathematica (1612)
VOLKER R. REMMERT
14 / Jesuit Influences on Galileo's Science
WILLIAM A. WALLACE, O.P.
15 / Utility, Edification, and Superstition: Jesuit Censorship and Athanasius Kircher's Oedipus Aegyptiacus
DANIEL STOLZENBERG
16 / Teaching Mathematics in Jesuit Schools: Programs, Course Content, and Classroom Practices
ANTONELLA ROMANO
17 / Entering Dangerous Ground: Jesuits Teaching Astrology and Chiromancy in Lisbon
HENRIQUE LEITÃO
18 / Science and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Spain: The Contribution of the Jesuits before and after the Expulsion
VÍCTOR NAVARRO BROTÓNS
19 / The Reception of a Theory: A Provisional Syllabus of Boscovich Literature, 1746-1800
UGO BALDINI
PART FOUR
Music, Theatre, and the Uses of Performance
20 / 'A Certain Indulgence': Music at the Jesuit College in Paris, 1575-1590
DAVID CROOK
21 / Between Stage and Divine Service: Jesuits and Theatrical Music
FRANZ KÖRNDLE
22 / Sung Catechism and College Opera: Two Musical Genres in the Jesuit Evangelization of Colonial Chile
VÍCTOR RONDÓN
23 / The Orator's Performance: Gesture, Word, and Image in Theatre at the Collegio Romano
BRUNA FILIPPI
24 / The Jesuit Stage and Theatre in Milan during the Eighteenth Century
GIOVANNA ZANLONGHI
25 / 'Lascivi Spettacoli': Jesuits and Theatre (from the Underside)
MICHAEL ZAMPELLI, S.J.
PART FIVE
The Overseas Missions: Challenges and Strategies
26 / Grammar and Virtue: The Formulation of a Cultural and Missionary Program by the Jesuits in Early Colonial Peru
SABINE MACCORMACK
27 / The Problematic Acquisition of Indigenous Languages: Practices and Contentions in Missionary Specialization in the Jesuit Province of Peru (1568-1640)
ALIOCHA MALDAVSKY
28 / The Uses of Shamanism: Evangelizing Strategies and Missionary Models in Seventeenth-Century Brazil
CHARLOTTE DE CASTELNAU-L'ESTOILE
29 / Jesuits, Too: Jesuits, Women Catechists, and Jezebels in Christian-Century Japan
HARUKO NAWATA WARD
30 / Clockwork and the Jesuit Mission in China
CATHERINE PAGANI
PART SIX
Expulsions, Suppressions, and the Surviving Remnant
31 / Between the Rigorist Hammer and the Deist Anvil: The Fate of the Jesuits in Eighteenth-Century France
MARC FUMAROLE
32 / The Expulsion of the Jesuits and the Treatment of Catholic Representational Objects during the French Revolution
RICHARD CLAY
33 / The Gang of Four and the Campaign against the Jesuits in Eighteenth-Century Brazil
DAURIL ALDEN
34 / Twilight in the Imperial City: The Jesuit Mission in China, 1748-60 725
RONNIE PO-CHIA HSIA
35 / Boscovich in the Balkans: A Jesuit Perspective on Orthodox Christianity in the Age of Enlightenment
LARRY WOLFF
36 / A Jesuit Beata at the Time of the Suppression in the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata: María Antonia de Paz y Figueroa, 1730-1799
ALICIA FRASCHINA
37 / The Post-Suppression Society of Jesus in the United States and Russia: Two Unlikely Settings
DANIEL L. SCHLAFLY, JR
APPENDIX
Jesuit Opera in Seventeenth-Century Vienna: Patientis Christi memoria by Johann Bernhard Staudt (1654-1712)
T. FRANK KENNEDY, S.J.
Patientis Christi memoria: Text
INDEX
