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Full Description
Since the early twentieth century, the United States has led a global prohibition effort against certain drugs in which production restriction and criminalization are emphasized over prevention and treatment as means to reduce problematic usage. This "war on drugs" is widely seen to have failed, and periodically decriminalization and legalization movements arise. Debates continue over whether the problems of addiction and crime associated with illicit use of drugs stem from their illegal status or the nature of the drugs themselves. In The Long War on Drugs Anne L. Foster explores the origin of the punitive approach to drugs and its continued appeal despite its obvious flaws. She provides a comprehensive overview, focusing not only on a political history of policy developments but also on changes in medical practices and understanding of drugs. Foster also outlines the social and cultural changes prompting different attitudes about drugs; the racial, environmental, and social justice implications of particular drug policies; and the international consequences of US drug policy.
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction. The Meaning of Drugs 1
1. The Many Uses of Drugs 5
Part I. The Battle for Prohibition, 1870-1940 15
2. Identifying the Problem 19
3. Deciding on Prohibition 31
4. International Conferences 42
5. Changing Practice and Policy in Medicine and Public Health 55
Part II. To a Declaration of a War on Drugs, 1940-1980 67
6. Opportunities of World War II and Its Aftermath 71
7. US Laws and International Conventions 82
8. Who Is Using? 96
9. War on Drugs Declared 109
Part III. Blurring the Lines, 1980-Present 123
10. Mandatory Minimums 127
11. Environmental Effects of the War on Drugs 139
12. Marijuana's Different Path 152
13. New Challenges to the War on Drugs 164
Conclusion. Never-Ending War on Drugs? 175
Glossary 179
Notes 181
Suggestions for Further Reading 193
Index 199
