Science Is Not What You Think : How It Has Changed, Why We Can't Trust It, How It Can Be Fixed

Bauer, Henry H.

McFarland & Co Inc（2017/07発売）

• 製本 Paperback:紙装版/ペーパーバック版／ページ数 260 p.
• 言語 ENG
• 商品コード 9781476669106
• DDC分類 500

Full Description

This book discusses the ways in which science, the touchstone of reliable knowledge in modern society, changed dramatically in the second half of the 20th century, becoming less trustworthy through conflicts of interest and excessive competitiveness. Fraud became common enough that organized efforts to combat it now include a federal Office of Research Integrity. Competent minority opinions are sometimes thereby suppressed, with the result that policy makers, the media and the public are presented with biased or incomplete information. Evidence tending to challenge established theories is sometimes rejected without addressing its substance. While most would agree in the abstract that science can go wrong, few would consider--despite interesting contrary evidence--that official consensus about the origins of the universe or the causes of global warming might be mistaken.

Contents

Table of Contents

List of Figures viii

Preface

Introduction and Synopsis

1. How Science Has Changed

delete delete Precursors of Modern Science

delete delete Three Eras of Modern Science

delete delete Science Today Is No Less Fallible Than in the Past

delete delete Science and Contemporary Society

2. Science Is Not Methodical

delete delete The Scientific Method Explains Little About Today's Science

delete delete Why Has Science Been Successful?

3. Some Other Misconceptions About Science

delete delete Science and Evidence: A ­Love-Hate Relationship

delete delete Replication and Reproducibility

delete delete Falsifiability of Scientific Theories

delete delete Scientific Literacy

4. Science Is Many Things

delete delete Science Includes Which Subjects or Fields?

delete delete Science as Truth and Authority

delete delete Our Thinking Is Molded by Scientific Concepts

delete delete Scientific Institutions

delete delete Science Groupies and ­Hangers-on

delete delete Mimicking the Natural Sciences—Inappropriately

5. Scientists Have Many Faces

delete delete Scientists as Individuals

delete delete The Cultures of Science

delete delete Present-Day Careers in Science

 6. How Science Really Gets Done

delete delete From Frontier Science to Textbook Science

delete delete Three Aspects of Scientific Activity

delete delete Diversity of Science

delete delete Peer Review

delete delete Resistance to Progress

delete delete Premature Discoveries

delete delete Scientific Revolutions

delete delete The Importance of Luck in Science

delete delete How Science Gets Done Best

 7. What Exactly Is "Scientific Knowledge"?

delete delete Facts and Theories: Maps and Stories

delete delete Over-Reliance on Science

 8. Statistics

delete delete Being Misled by Statistics

delete delete Correlation Is Not Causation

delete delete Interpreting Correlations

delete delete Aggregation and ­Dis-Aggregation

delete delete Statistical Significance and P Values

delete delete Effect Size

delete delete Margin of Error

delete delete Sampling

delete delete Differing Conceptual Approaches in Statistics

delete delete Summary: What Everyone Should Know About Statistics

 9. Unlike Physics and Chemistry?

delete delete Social and Behavioral Sciences

delete delete Medical Science

delete delete A Little Learning Can Be a Dangerous Thing

delete delete Fringe Science, Alternative Science, ­Pseudo-Science

delete delete Minority Views Within Mainstream Science

delete delete Knowledge to Guide Research—or Ready to Be Applied?

delete delete Science and Technology

10. How Scientific Knowledge Becomes Known

delete delete From Science to Public Knowledge

delete delete Who Can Speak for Science?

delete delete What the Public Gets to Know: Let the Buyer Beware

delete delete What Policy Makers Get to Know

delete delete What Scientists Know and Get to Know

11. Science Needs Tough Love

delete delete Reprise: The Predominant Scientific Consensus Is Not Always Right

delete delete Which of Today's Scientific Consensuses Might Be Wrong?

delete delete Where to Turn for the Soundest Judgment

delete delete delete on Technical Issues?

delete delete The Failure to Engage

12. A Science Court?

delete delete Caveats and Complications

delete delete What a Science Court Could Accomplish

delete delete Tough Love

Chapter Notes

Bibliography

Index