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Full Description
The late Professor S. I. Malyshev, who died from a cerebral haemorrhage on 9 May 1967 at the age of 83 in the train while travelling to field work, was one of the foremost European students of the Hymenoptera, in particular of the habits of solitary bees, a subject on which he had published many papers since 1908, mostly in Russian. In 1935 he published an important paper on part of his work, and I helped to edit the publication, which was in English. A few years ago some of my friends in California asked me if I could not persuade him to complete his early paper on solitary bees, offering if necessary to arrange for a translation. When I wrote to Professor Malyshev making this suggestion he no longer had the health to produce a new work, but he sent me a copy of his recent book on the evolution of the Hymenoptera which he thought might be worth trans lating. Sir Boris Uvarov was good enough to translate for me the chapter and section headings, and it seemed to both of us that a lot of new ground was covered in a highly original way. The explanation of the changes in behaviour that must have taken place when the simple, plant-feeding saw flies developed into highly specialized parasites or into industrious, food collecting, social insects such as the ants, bees, and wasps can well be regarded as one of the major challenges to zoologists.
Contents
1 Introduction.- 2 Genesis of the Hymenoptera.- Palaeontological and comparative morphological data. Hypotheses on the origin of the Hymenoptera.- The archaic terrestrial phase.- 3 Genesis of the Lower Hymenoptera (Phytophaga).- The transition from saprophytic feeding to phytophagy. The exophytic cephoid phase. Modern relicts.- The endophytic cephoid phase. The transition from feeding on normal plant tissues to feeding on galls.- 4 Genesis of the Terebrantia.- The problem of the origin of the first carnivorous Hymenoptera.- Hypotheses on the origin of the Terebrantia.- The transition from phytophagy to zoophagy and the genesis of the Terebrantia.- The archaic inquilinoid phase.- The predatory oöphagous (ectoöphagous) phase.- The parasitic oöphagous (endoöphagous) phase.- The secondary phytophagous (phytoöphagous) phase.- The delayed parasitic (metaparasitic) phase.- The intermediate parasitic (planidial) phase.- The hypermetamorphic parasitic phase.- The polyembryonic parasitic phase.- The passive parasitic (trigonaloid) phase.- The direct parasitic (orthoparasitic) phase.- The imaginai parasitic phase.- 5 Genesis of the Wasps (Vespiformia s. lat.).- The problem of the origin of the wasps.- Elements of wasp life in the Terebrantia.- The wasp-like (bethyloid) phase page.- The primary wasp (pompiloid) phase.- The secondary wasp (sphecoid) phase.- The third wasp (crabronoid) phase.- The fourth wasp (bembicoid) phase.- The fifth wasp (moneduloid) phase.- The neo-wasp (vespoid) phase.- The hypotheses of Bouvier and his followers on the origin of the instincts of wasps.- 6 Genesis of the Ants (Formicoidea).- Hypotheses on the origin of the ants. The problem.- The predatory semi-familial phase.- The ectoparasitic semi-familial phase.- The familial ectoparasitic(hemiformicoid) phase.- The primary ant (proformicoid) phase.- The secondary ant (formicoid) phase.- 7 Genesis of the Bees (Apoidea).- Hypotheses on the origin of the bees. The problem.- The bee-like phase in the vespoid wasps.- The primary bee phase of vespoid type.- The secondary bee phase of vespoid type.- Evolution of the sphecoid wasps and the problem of the genesis of the true bees.- The primary bee phase of sphecoid type and its genesis.- Index of Authors.- Index of Latin Names.
