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Full Description
Differential psychology, or the psychology of individual differences as it is better known, is perhaps the single most important basic psychological science that underlies professional practice in psychology. The recent age of behaviorism all but ignored individual differences, but in this decade the study has emerged from relative dormancy with a new vitality, fueled by new concepts, technologies, statistics, and new viewpoints on old ideas that are moving us forward. This work is intended to be a review of as well as a primer on many of these advances and new approaches to the study of individual differences. The venerable, interesting, and often controversial Eysenck opens the volume with a review of recent results and new techniques for unlocking the physiological basis of what is commonly understood to be intelligence. Eysenck and his students, in his London laboratory, have been fostering advances in this field for more than four decades. Their latest work could be the most exciting of Eysenck's illustrious, scholarly career. Eysenck's eye-opening, innovative work on the relationship between evoked potentials and performance on traditional psychometric measures, presented with a new slant, is certain to attract much attention in coming years. Eysenck and Barrett's chapter is followed by a closely related work by Arthur Jensen, who gives us a revitalizing look at the concepts of Sir Francis Galton, the founder of the psychology of individual differences.
Contents
1 Psychophysiology and the Measurement of Intelligence.- The Two Paradigms of Intelligence.- The Electroencephalogram and the Average Evoked Potential as Biological Correlates of IQ.- AEPs and Intelligence: Early Paradigms.- AEPs and Intelligence: Recent Paradigms.- Theory and Measurement.- References.- 2 Methodological and Statistical Techniques for the Chronometric Study of Mental Abilities.- Categories of Reaction Time.- Differences between Psychometric and Chronometric Data.- Most Relevant References in the Reaction Time Literature.- Types and Terminology of Reaction Time.- Analysis of Elementary Cognitive Processes.- Procedural Variables that Affect Reaction Time.- Chronometric Apparatus and Techniques.- Individual Difference Variables Derived from Chronometric Paradigms.- Intraindividual Variability in Reaction Time and Movement Time.- Statistical Treatment of Chronometrie Data.- References.- 3 Neuropsychological Approaches to the Study of Individual Differences.- Differences between Groups.- Differences among Individuals.- Concluding Comments.- References.- 4 Applications of the Kaufman Assessment Battery For Children to the Study of Individual Differences.- Overview of the K-ABC.- Sequential and Simultaneous Processing.- Ethnic Group Differences in Sequential and Simultaneous Processing.- Sex Differences in Sequential and Simultaneous Processing.- Developmental Differences in Sequential and Simultaneous Processing.- Research on Exceptional Samples.- Relationship of the K-ABC Mental Processing Scales to Other Tests.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Applying Componential Theory to the Study of Individual Differences in Cognitive Skills.- Overview of Componential Analysis.- Qualification of Componential Model.- Reformulation of the Componential Model.- Generalizationof the Componential Model.- Individual and Group Differences in Strategy.- Conclusions.- References.- 6 New Directions in Aptitude-Treatment Interaction Research.- Research Status.- The Need for Further Rapprochement between Psychology and Education.- Conceptualizing Aptitude-Treatment Interaction: Some Additional Perspectives.- Toward the Integration of Aptitude-Interaction and Educational Practice.- Concluding Comment.- References.- 7 Analysis of Interactions in Aptitude-Treatment Interaction Research.- Models.- Tests of Significance.- Design Considerations.- Errors of Measurement.- Uses of Johnson-Neyman Techniques.- Topics not Covered.- New Areas for Investigation.- Summary.- References.- 8 General Linear Models of Individual Differences.- Time as a Variable.- Tools for the Study of Individual Differences.- ANOVA versus Regression Analysis.- Fitting with General Linear Models.- Individual Differences Classified.- Individual Differences Based on a Single Variables.- Individual Differences Based on a Time-Dependent Variable.- Individual Differences Based on Two or More Independent Variables.- An Example of Longitudinal Data.- An Example of Cross-Sectional Data.- Final Remarks on General Linear Models.- References.- 9 Research Methods from Applied Behavior Analysis.- Behavior Analysis and Individual Differences.- Assessment within Applied Behavior Analysis.- Direct Observational Systems.- Behavior Analysis Research Designs.- Replication.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 10 Criterion-Referenced Assessment of Individual Differences.- Definitions and Uses of Criterion-Referenced Tests.- Norm-Referenced Testing versus Criterion-Referenced Testing.- Content Specifications.- Test Development.- Standard-Setting.- Psychometric Characteristics of Criterion-Referenced Test Scores.- Summary.- References.- 11 Path-Referenced Assessment of Individual Differences.- Origins of Path-Referenced Assessment.- Path-Referenced Assessment Technology.- Applications of Path-Referenced Assessment.- Future Directions for Path-Referenced Assessment.- References.
