Full Description
A major advance in the biological sciences in the past decade has been the biochemical identification of cell membrane receptors. The existence of re ceptor substances on the surface of cells that recognize and bind to extracellular molecules was proposed at the beginning of the century by the pharmacologist and immunologist Paul Ehrlich and the physiologist J. N. Langley. Since then, receptors have been found to play an important role in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Over the years many attempts have been made to physically isolate and chemically characterize receptors, but because of the receptors' extremely low concentration and membrane localization, these ef forts have met with limited success. Yet, despite the failure to characterize receptor substances, the concept of the presence of such molecules has had considerable heuristic value. Using pharmacological, physiological, and im munologic approaches, researchers have identified several specific receptors, e. g. , a-and ‾-adrenergic, nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic, and histami nergic. With the characterization of various types of receptors on cell mem branes, many drugs were developed that proved to be experimentally and ther apeutically useful. It was only in the early 1970s that methods for the specific measurement, chemical characterization, and physical isolation of cell membrane receptors were developed. These advances were made possible by the availability of ligands with high specific radioactivity that retained their biological activity and of experimental procedures that differentiated between specific and non specific binding of ligands.
Contents
1 Mammalian Central Adenosine Receptors.- 2 ?;-Adrenergic Receptors.- 3 ß-Adrenergic Receptors.- 4 Norepinephrine.- 5 Dopamine.- 6 Central Serotonin Receptors.- 7 Histamine and Its Receptors in the Nervous System.- 8 GABA Receptors.- 9 Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors.- 10 Benzodiazepine Receptors.- 11 Recognition Sites for Antidepressant Drugs.- 12 Opiate Receptors.- 13 Peptide Receptors.- 14 Cholinergic Systems and Cholinergic Pathology.- 15 Neurotransmitter Uptake.- 16 Release of Catecholamines, Serotonin, and Acetylcholine from Isolated Brain Tissue.- 17 Release of Putative Transmitter Amino Acids.- 18 Transmitter Specificity in Neurons.- 19 Phospholipid Methylation.- 20 Protein Phosphorylation: Role in the Function, Regulation, and Adaptation of Neural Receptors.- 21 Heterogeneity of Benzodiazepine Receptors.- 22 Modulation of Catecholaminergic Receptors During Development and Aging.- 23 Receptor Regulation.- 24 Receptor Adaptation to Psychotropic Drugs.
