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Full Description
The discovery of new molecules that function in neuronal communication can be viewed as a progression of steps beginning with the identification of the molecular structure, moving to the understanding of the mecha nisms mediating the synaptic action, and to the appraisal of the involve ment of the new molecules in various neuronal mechanisms, and finally reaching the evaluation of this molecule's role in brain function and the consequences that are triggered by its abnormalities. Enkephalins have followed such a pattern, and the present publication expresses the salient points of the last two phases in this succession. Enkephalins were discovered in December 1975; in addition to pain threshold regulation, their participation in other brain functions was soon ascertained. Perhaps, there are multiple recognition sites for multiple molecular forms of endogenous enkephalins; similarly to other transmitter recognition sites, these are coupled with ionic and nucleotide amplifying systems; thus, when activated, they can modify membrane funtion and ionic permeability of membranes. The present publication probes the current status of our knowledge concerning the consequences related to abnormalities in enkephalin storage, release, and synthesis. However, since our basic understanding of enkephalins is incomplete, the views reported should be considered to be in a state of flux.
Contents
Current Status of Endorphins and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatry: An Overview.- 1 The Opiate Receptor and its Endogenous Ligands: An Overview.- 2 The Endorphins and Analgesia: A Minireview.- 3 Central Nervous System Effects after Systemic Injection of Opiate Peptides.- 4 Possible Roles of Prostaglandins in Mediating Opioid Actions.- 5 Psychoactive Agents and Enkephalin Degradation.- 6 Relationship of Opiate Peptides to Neuroendocrine Functions.- 7 ?-Endorphin and Central Nervous System.- 8 Biochemical Evidence for a Role for Endorphins in Mental Illness.- 9 Opiate Receptors and Opiate Antagonists in Psychiatric and Related Research: A Review.- 10 Endorphins in Psychiatric Research and Treatment.- 11 ?-Endorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in CSF and Plasma of Neuropsychiatric Patients.- 12 Cerebrospinal Fluid Content of Endorphins in Schizophrenia.- 13 Behavioral Effects of ?-Endorphin in Depression and Schizophrenia.- 14 Effects of Opiate Antagonists and Agonists on Behavioral and Neuoroendocrine Variables.- 15 The Narcotic Antagonists: Implications for Psychiatric Research.- 16 The Use of an Oral Opiate Antagonist in Schizophrenia.- 17 Peptides and Amino Acids in Human Hemodialysate.- 18 Dialysis of Schizophrenia.- 19 Hemodialyses and Schizophrenia: Effects of Hemodialyses on Schizophrenic Symptoms and Dialysate Endorphin Levels.- 20 Endorphin Dysfunction in Panic Anxiety and Primary Affective Illness.- 21 Endorphins and Affective Illness.- 22 Enkephalin, Naloxone, and [DES-TYR1]-?-Endorphin in Tardive Dyskinesia.- 23 The Importance of the Endorphin Systems in Chronic Pain Patients.- 24 Endorphins and ACTH: Normal Values; Circadian Rhythms.- 25 ?-Endorphin in Human Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Pituitary, and ACTH-Producing Tumor.- 26 A Role for Opioid Peptides inAttentional Functioning: Clinical Implications.- 27 Future Scope for Endorphin Research.
