Full Description
The structural features responsible for the immunogenicity of certain parts of native protein molecules have been of interest to immunochemists and protein chemists for over three decades. Following the early work of Landsteiner in 1942, which showed that peptide fragments from silk fibroin exhibited an inhibitory activity toward the reaction of the protein with its antibodies, fragments from many other protein systems have been isolated and studied. However, no concerted effort was (or could be) devoted to the elucidation of the complete antigenic structure of a protein. In order for these endeavors to be successful and meaningful, knowledge of both the amino acid sequence and the detailed three-dimensional structure of the protein are necessary. Such information was not available for a protein until early in the 1960s. This and the fact that protein chemistry was not in fact sufficiently developed early in the 1 960s to enable the success ful completion of the entire antigenic structure of a protein were major contributing factors for the slow progress in this field. Determination of the antigenic structures of proteins, therefore, posed a chemical challenge of enormous proportions. For these reasons, many investigators diverted their attention to study the immunochemistry of homo- or mixed amino acid polymers in the hope that the information derived from these systems may prove useful in the understanding of the immunochemistry of proteins. A great many data on these systems were accumulated that have proved valuable in gaining some information on the immune mechanism.
Contents
1 Affinity Chromatography in Immunology.- I. Introduction.- II. Selection of Matrix.- III. Chemistry of Immobilization.- IV. Elution Techniques.- V. Purification of Antigens.- VI. Purification of Antibodies.- VII. Separation of Cell Populations.- VIII. Reversed Affinity Chromatography.- IX. Miscellaneous Applications.- X. References.- 2 The Effect of Antigen Structure on Preferential Humoral or Cellular Immunogenicity.- I. Introduction.- II. Antigenic Specificity.- III. Immune Induction.- IV. The Effect of Determinant Valency.- V. References.- 3 The Complete Antigenic Structure of Myoglobin: Approaches and Conclusions for Antigenic Structures of Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. Strategy of Approach.- III. Accurate Assignment of the Reactive Regions.- IV. Contribution of the Reactive Regions to the Total Immune Reaction of Myoglobin and Immunochemical Independence of the Regions.- V. In Vitro Studies with the Synthetic Regions.- VI. Immunochemical Relationship of Myoglobins and Nature of Immunochemical Cross-Reactions of Proteins.- VII. Conclusions.- VIII. References.- 4 The Antigenic Structure of Hen Egg-White Lysozyme: A Model for Disulfide-Containing Proteins.- I. Introduction.- II. Immunochemistry and Conformation of Lysozyme Derivatives with Broken Disulfide Bonds.- III. Immunochemistry and Conformation of Specific Chemical Derivatives of Lysozyme.- IV. Immunochemistry of Peptide Fragments.- V. Specific Chemical Derivatives of Immunochemically Reactive Reactive Peptides.- VI. Peptide Synthesis for Final Delineation of Antigenic Sites..- VII. Accurate Assignment of the Antigenic Sites.- VIII. Immunochemistry of Lysozymes from Various Species and Other Closely Related Proteins.- IX. Conclusions.- X. References.- 5 Immunochemistry of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Protein.-I. Introduction.- II. The Relationship between Antigenic Structure and Binding with Antibodies.- III. The Relationship between Antigenic Structure and Cell-Mediated Immunity.- IV. The Relationship between Structure and Immunogenicity.- V. The Genetic Control of the Immune Responsiveness to Antigenic Areas of TMVP.- VI. Concluding Remarks.- VII. References.- 6 Immunochemistry of Protein Mutants.- I. Introduction.- II. Immunochemical Detection of Single Amino Acid Differences in Proteins.- III. Relationship of Immunogenicity to Single Amino Acid Differences in Proteins.- IV. Isolation of Antibodies Sensitive to Single Amino Acid Differences in Protein Antigens.- V. Fractionation of an Antibody Response by Methods Other Than Immunoadsorbents Related to Single Amino Acid Differences.- VI. Speculations on the Relationship of Protein Antigenicity and Antigen Receptors on T and B Cells.- VII. References.- 7 Evolution of the Immunogenic and Subunit Interaction Sites of Oligomeric Enzymes.- I. Introduction.- II. Theoretical Considerations on the Evolution of Enzymes.- III. Experimental Examples.- IV. Concluding Remarks and Prognosis.- V. References.- 8 The Structure and Activity of Concanavalin A.- I. Introduction and Biological Properties.- II. Carbohydrate Binding Specificity.- III. Chemical Modification Studies.- IV. Three-Dimensional Structure.- V. References.- Author Index.
