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Full Description
This book is aimed at a large audience: from students, who have a high- school background in physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology, to scien- tists working in the fields of biophysics and biochemistry. The main aim of this book is to attempt to describe, in terms of physical chemistry and chemi- cal physics, the peculiar features of "machines" having molecular dimen- sions which play a crucial role in the most important biological processes, viz. , energy transduction and enzyme catalysis. One of the purposes of this book is to analyze the physical background of the high efficiency of molecu- lar machines functioning in the living cell. This book begins with a brief review of the subject (Chapter 1). Macro- molecular energy-transducing complexes operate with thermal, chemical, and mechanical energy, therefore the appropriate framework to discuss the functioning of biopolymers comes from thermodynamics and chemical kinet- ics. That is why we start our analysis with a consideration of the conventional approaches of thermodynamics and classical chemical kinetics, and their application to the description of bioenergetic processes (Chapter 2).
Critical analysis of these approaches has led us to the conclusion that the conven- tional approaches of physical chemistry to the description of the functioning of individual macromolecular devices, in many cases, appear to be incom- plete. This prompted us to consider the general principles ofliving machinery from another point of view.
Contents
1 Introduction.- 2 Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics of Living Systems.- 2.1. How Scientists Learned to Distinguish Energy from Force (Brief Historic Review).- 2.2. Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions.- 2.3. Applicability of Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics to Biological Systems and Processes.- 2.4. The Mechanisms of Energy Coupling in Chemical Reactions.- 3 Molecular Machines: Mechanics and/or Statistics?.- 3.1. The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Its Application to Biochemical Systems.- 3.2. Energy-Transducing Molecular Machines.- 3.3. Statistical Thermodynamics of Small Systems, Fluctuations, and the Violation of the Mass Action Law.- 4 Principles of Enzyme Catalysis.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Earlier Theories of Enzyme Catalysis.- 4.3. The Relaxation Concept of Enzyme Catalysis.- 4.4. Protein Dynamics and Enzyme Functioning.- 5 Energy Transduction in Biological Membranes.- 5.1. Introduction: Two Views on the Problem of Energy Coupling in Biomembranes.- 5.2. Transmembrane Electrochemical Proton Gradients in Chloroplasts.- 5.3. Mechanism of ATP Formation Catalyzed by H+ATPsynthases.- Afterword.
