Full Description
This volume is based on a series of lectures delivered at a one-day teach ing symposium on functional and metabolic aspects of NMR measure ments held at the Middlesex Hospital Medical School on 1st September 1985 as a part of the European Nuclear Medicine Society Congress. Currently the major emphasis in medical NMR in vivo is on its poten tial to image and display abnormalities in conventional radiological im ages, providing increased contrast between normal and abnormal tissue, improved definition of vasculature, and possibly an increased potential for differential diagnosis. Although these areas are undeniably of major importance, it is probable that NMR will continue to complement con ventional measurement methods. The major potential benefits to be de rived from in vivo NMR measurements are likely to arise from its use as an instrument for functional and metabolic studies in both clinical re search and in the everyday management of patients. It is to this area that this volume is directed.
Contents
1. The Relationship Between NMR and Other Functional Measurement Techniques.- Blood Flow.- Tissue Metabolism.- Tissue Characterisation.- Conclusions.- 2. The Physical Basis of NMR Studies Measuring Physiological Function and Metabolism.- Physical Basis of NMR.- Imaging and Spatial Localisation of NMR Spectra.- Functional Parameters.- Instrumentation.- Siting and Safety.- 3. Functional Imaging Using NMR.- NMR Image Parameters.- Contrast Optimised Images.- Flow Imaging.- Cardiac Imaging.- 23Na Imaging.- Fast Imaging.- 4. NMR Spectroscopy: Application to Metabolic Research.- Fundamentals of NMR Spectroscopy.- Clinically Useful NMR Nuclei.- In Vivo Studies.- Conclusion.- 5. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart and Large Vessels.- Method.- Imaging Details and Procedure.- Results and Conclusions.- 6. Functional Studies of the Cardiovascular System Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- Imaging Techniques.- Clinical Applications.- Relaxation Parameters.- Magnetic Resonance Angiography.- Row Imaging.- The Future.- 7. Paramagnetic Pharmaceuticals for Functional Studies.- Paramagnetic Metal Species.- Ferromagnetic Metal Species.- Stable Free Radicals.- Oxygen and Oxygen Carriers.- Magnetic Susceptibility Agents.- Density Substitution Agents.- 8. Clinical Use of Intravenous Gadolinium-DTPA in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Central Nervous System.- Paramagnetic Contrast Agents.- Effects of Paramagnetic Contrast Agents on NMR Parameters.- Results of Paramagnetic Contrast Agents in Clinical Studies.- Toxicity.- Conclusion.- 9. Tissue Characterisation by NMR.- The NMR Parameters.- Possibilities for Tissue Characterisation.- 10. The Influence of NMR Parameters on Imaging.- Qualitative Evaluation with Appropriate Pulse Sequences.- Quantitative Evaluation and Image Synthesis.- Tissue Characterisation.- Future Considerations.- 11. A Correlative Approach to Nuclear Medicine and NMR Imaging.- Central Nervous System.- Neck.- Thorax.- Abdomen.- Skeleton.- Conclusion.
