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基本説明
The Companion Epistemology, Second Edition, is the most comprehensive and up-to-date single volume reference guide in this field. This new edition is comprised of over 260 A-Z entries from leading experts that have been extensively revised to bring the volume up-to-date, with many new and re-written entries reflecting developments in the field. It also includes a new section on review essays on basic problems to introduce readers to the main issues in the field and a new self-profile section with 20 entries by renowned epistemologists.
Full Description
With nearly 300 entries on key concepts, review essays on central issues, and self-profiles by leading scholars, this companion is the most comprehensive and up-to-date single volume reference guide to epistemology.
Epistemology from A-Z is comprised of 296 articles on important epistemological concepts that have been extensively revised to bring the volume up-to-date, with many new and re-written entries reflecting developments in the field
Includes 20 new self-profiles by leading epistemologists
Contains 10 new review essays on central issues of epistemology
Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Preface to the First Edition xix
Preface to the Second Edition xxiii
Part I Ten Review Essays 1
Skepticism and Closure Anthony Brueckner 3
Contextualism Richard Feldman 12
Foundations and Coherence Michael Huemer 22
Recent Work on the Internalism-Externalism Controversy Laurence BonJour 33
A Priori Knowledge Albert Casullo 43
The Common Sense Tradition Noah Lemos 53
The Power of Perception Peter Markie 62
Virtue Epistemology John Greco 75
Social Epistemology Alvin Goldman 82
Bayesian Epistemology Alan Hájek and Stephan Hartmann 93
Part II Twenty Epistemological Self-profiles 107
Robert Audi 109
Laurence BonJour 114
Stewart Cohen 118
Earl Conee and Richard Feldman 123
Fred Dretske 130
Richard Foley 134
Richard Fumerton 139
Alvin I. Goldman 144
Gilbert Harman 152
Peter Klein 156
Hilary Kornblith 163
Keith Lehrer 168
Alvin Plantinga 173
John Pollock 178
Ernest Sosa 185
Barry Stroud 190
Michael Williams 194
Timothy Williamson 199
Crispin Wright 204
Linda Zagzebski 210
Part III Epistemology from A to Z 217
(Entries without author list cross references)
A 219
a priori/a posteriori Albert Casullo 219
abduction Christopher Hookway 221
absurdity Robert S. Tragesser 221
Academy (Plato) Nicholas P. White 221
act/object analysis Michael Pendlebury 222
adverbial theory Michael Pendlebury 222
agnosticism Alvin Plantinga 223
Alston, William P. (1921-2009) Robert Audi 223
analyticity Jerrold J. Katz 224
anamnesis Nicholas P. White 230
antinomy Robert S. Tragesser 230
apodeictic Robert S. Tragesser 231
aporia Robert S. Tragesser 231
apperception David McNaughton 231
Aquinas, Thomas (1225-74) Scott MacDonald 231
argument Albert Casullo 235
argument from analogy Jonathan Dancy 235
argument from illusion Richard Fumerton 236
Aristotle (384-322 BC) Terence Irwin 240
Armstrong, David M. (1926-) Adrian Heathcote 244
association Barry Stroud 245
ataraxia Charlotte Stough 245
Augustine, St (354-430) Scott MacDonald 245
Austin, John L(angshaw) (1911-60) Graham Bird 247
avowals David Pears 249
axiomatization, axiomatics Robert S. Tragesser 249
Ayer, A(lfred) J(ules) (1910-89) Graeme Forbes 250
B 253
Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam (1561-1626) G. A. J. Rogers 253
basic belief Matthias Steup 253
behaviourism Edward Erwin 254
belief John Heil 254
belief in and belief that John Heil 259
Bergmann, Gustav (1906-87) Laird Addis 260
Berkeley, George (1685-1753) Michael Ayers 261
Blanshard, Brand (1892-1987) Michael Williams 264
Brentano, Franz (1838-1917) R. M. Chisholm 265
burden of proof Douglas N. Walton 266
C 267
Carnap, Rudolf (1891-1970) Wesley C. Salmon 267
Cartesianism John Cottingham 268
causal theories in epistemology Carl Ginet 268
certainty Peter D. Klein 272
Chisholm, Roderick (1916-99) Richard Foley 275
circular reasoning Douglas N. Walton 277
cogito John Cottingham 277
coherentism Keith Lehrer 278
collective belief Margaret Gilbert 281
commonsensism and critical cognitivism Noah H. Lemos 282
concepts Christopher Peacocke 285
Continental epistemology Linda Alcoff 287
convention Robert S. Tragesser 292
conversational implicature Duncan Pritchard 293
criteria and knowledge Bruce Hunter 294
criterion, canon Bruce Hunter 298
critical cognitivism 299
D 300
Davidson, Donald (1930-2003) Ernest Lepore 300
death of epistemology Michael Williams 301
defeasibility Bruce Hunter 304
definition Robert S. Tragesser 305
Derrida, Jacques (1930-2004) Samuel C. Wheeler III 306
Descartes, René (1596-1650) John Cottingham 306
Dewey, John (1859-1952) Peter H. Hare 310
dialectic (Hegel) Kenneth R. Westphal 312
dialectic (Plato) Nicholas P. White 313
different constructions in terms of "knows" Jaakko Hintikka 313
direct realism L. S. Carrier 318
disposition John Heil 322
dogmatism Alvin Plantinga 322
doxastic voluntarism Sharon Ryan 322
Dutch book argument 325
E 326
empiricism Bruce Hunter 326
Epicurus (c.341-271 BC) Phillip Mitsis 331
epistemic deontologism Sharon Ryan 332
epistemic luck Mylan Engel 336
epistemic supervenience John Turri 340
epistemic virtue Guy Axtell 343
epoche Dagfinn Follesdal 347
essence (Husserl) Dagfinn Follesdal 347
essence (Plato) Nicholas P. White 348
essentialism 348
ethics and epistemology Jonathan Dancy 348
evidence Richard Feldman 349
evolutionary argument against naturalism Omar Mirza 351
evolutionary epistemology Edward Stein 354
existence Christopher Hookway 356
experience, theories of Michael Pendlebury 357
explanation Wesley C. Salmon 361
external world 364
externalism/internalism Laurence BonJour 364
F 369
fact/value Robert Audi 369
fallibilism Adam Leite 370
feminist epistemology Lorraine Code 375
first philosophy Christopher Hookway 380
Firth, Roderick (1917-87) John Troyer 380
Foucault, Michel (1926-84) Linda Alcoff 381
foundationalism William P. Alston 382
Frege, Gottlob (1848-1925) David Bell 385
Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939) Jim Hopkins 387
G 389
Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900-2002) Linda Alcoff 389
genetic epistemology Richard F. Kitchener 389
genetic fallacy Douglas N. Walton 393
geometry Wesley C. Salmon 393
Gettier problem Paul K. Moser 395
given, the Alan H. Goldman 397
Goodman, Nelson (1906-98) Catherine Z. Elgin 400
Grice, H. Paul (1913-88) Richard E. Grandy 402
H 404
Habermas, Jürgen (1929-) Hans-Johann Glock 404
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) Kenneth R. Westphal 405
Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976) Charles Guignon 408
Hempel, Carl Gustav (1905-97) Jaegwon Kim 409
Hempel's paradox of the ravens Peter Achinstein 410
hermeneutics Charles Guignon 412
Hintikka, Jaakko (1929-) Risto Hilpinen 413
historical knowledge Jack W. Meiland 414
historicism David Bakhurst 416
Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) Tom Sorell 417
holism Christopher Hookway 420
Hume, David (1711-76) Barry Stroud 420
Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938) Dagfinn Follesdal 423
I 425
idea R. S. Woolhouse 425
idealism Nicholas Rescher 425
ideology David Bakhurst 429
illusion 431
immediacy, presence Alan H. Goldman 431
in itself/for itself M. Okrent 432
incorrigibility William P. Alston 433
indeterminacy of reference Christopher Hookway 433
indeterminacy of translation Christopher Hookway 434
Indian epistemology J. N. Mohanty 434
indubitability William P. Alston 438
induction, problem of 438
induction: enumerative and hypothetical Gilbert Harman 438
infallibility William P. Alston 444
inference Robert S. Tragesser 444
inference to the best explanation Richard Fumerton 445
infinite regress argument John F. Post 447
informal fallacies Douglas N. Walton 450
innate ideas G. A. J. Rogers 454
introspection Vrinda Dalmiya 456
intuition and deduction Robert S. Tragesser 460
intuition in epistemology Bruce Russell 464
isostheneia Charlotte Stough 468
J 469
James, William (1842-1910) Peter H. Hare 469
judgement John Heil 470
justification Matthias Steup 471
K 472
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) James van Cleeve 472
KK-thesis Risto Hilpinen 476
knower paradox 476
knowledge 476
knowledge and belief Steven Luper 476
knowledge by acquaintance/by description David B. Martens 479
knowledge how, who, why etc. 482
knowledge-seeking by questioning Jaakko Hintikka 483
L 487
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) R. C. Sleigh, JR 487
Lewis, Clarence Irving (1883-1964) John Troyer 489
limits of human knowledge Nicholas Rescher 490
linguistic understanding Christopher Peacocke 492
literature and knowledge Paisley Livingston 497
Locke, John (1632-1704) R. S. Woolhouse 500
logical construction R. M. Sainsbury 503
logical empiricism 504
logical positivism Barry Stroud 504
logicism David Bell 506
lottery paradox Jonathan Vogel 506
luck, epistemic 511
M 512
Marxism David Bakhurst 512
mathematical knowledge Mark Steiner 514
memory Tom Senor 520
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1908-61) John J. Compton 524
methodology Wesley C. Salmon 525
Mill, John Stuart (1806-73) John Skorupski 525
Molyneux's problem Steve Smith 527
Montaigne, Michel de (1533-92) Richard H. Popkin 528
Moore, G(eorge) E(dward) (1873-1958) Thomas Baldwin 529
Moore's paradox Roy A. Sorensen 531
moral epistemology Jonathan Dancy 532
myth of the given 537
N 538
naïve realism 538
natural science, epistemology of Wesley C. Salmon 538
naturalism Philip Pettit 542
naturalized epistemology Hilary Kornblith 543
necessary/contingent David Blumenfeld 546
necessity, modal knowledge Albert Casullo 547
Neoplatonism S. Strange 548
Neurath, Otto (1882-1945) Andy Hamilton 549
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900) Alexander Nehamas 551
nihilism 552
noumenal/phenomenal James van Cleve 552
Nozick, Robert (1940-2002) Sherrilyn Roush 554
Nyvya J. N. Mohanty 556
O 558
objective/subjective Robert Audi 558
objectivity David Bell 559
Ockham, William of (c.1285-1347) Marilyn McCord Adams 562
ontological commitment Christopher Hookway 563
ontological relativity Christopher Hookway 564
ostensive definition P. M. S. Hacker 564
other minds Akeel Bilgrami 566
P 572
paradox Jonathan Vogel 572
paradox of the knower C. Anthony Anderson 572
paradoxes of analysis Felicia Ackerman 574
paranormal knowledge Patrick Grim 577
Peirce, Charles S. (1839-1914) Christopher Hookway 580
perceptual knowledge Fred Dretske 581
perspectivism 586
phenomenalism Richard Fumerton 586
phenomenology Charles Guignon 590
philosophical knowledge Felicia Ackerman 590
Plato (c.429-347 BC) Nicholas White 593
Popper, Karl (1902-94) Anthony O'Hear 597
positivism 599
pragmatism Susan Hack 599
preface paradox Earl Conee 604
presence 606
presocratic epistemology J. H. Lesher 606
prima facie reasons Jonathan Dancy 609
primary and secondary qualities Barry Stroud 609
principle of charity Ernest Lepore 613
principle of contradiction Robert S. Tragesser 613
principle of credulity William P. Alston 614
principle of identity Robert A. Tragesser 615
private language argument P. M. S. Hacker 616
probability, theories of Brian Skyrms 622
problem of the criterion Matthias Steup 626
problem of the external world George Pappas 628
problem of induction 634
problem of other minds 634
problem of rule-following Philip Pettit 634
problems of induction Laurence BonJour 638
projection, projectibility Catherine Z. Elgin 643
proof Robert S. Tragesser 643
propositional knowledge Robert K. Shope 644
protocol sentences Andy Hamilton 649
psychologism David Bell 649
psychology and epistemology Edward Erwin 649
Putnam, Hilary (1926-) Thomas Tymoczko 654
Pyrrhonism Charlotte Stough 655
Q 657
Quine, Willard Van Orman (1908-2000) Christopher Hookway 657
R 659
rationalism Edwin Curley 659
rationality L. Jonathan Cohen 663
realism Philip Pettit 668
reasons/causes Robert Audi 672
Reichenbach, Hans (1891-1953) Wesley C. Salmon 673
Reid, Thomas (1710-96) Keith Lehrer 674
reification, hypostatization Christopher Hookway 676
relativism Harvey Siegel 676
relevant alternatives Stewart Cohen 678
reliabilism Alvin Goldman 681
religious belief, epistemology of Alvin Plantinga 692
religious belief, epistemology of - recent developments Michael Bergmann 697
representation Robert Cummins 699
representative realism Frank Jackson 702
Rescher, Nicholas (1928-) Robert Almeder 705
Rorty, Richard (1931-2007) Michael Williams 706
rule-following 707
Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872-1970) R. M. Sainsbury 707
Ryle, Gilbert (1900-76) Graham Bird 709
S 712
safety 712
Santayana, George (1863-1952) John Lachs 712
Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-80) Gregory McCulloch 713
scepticism Peter D. Klein 714
scepticism, contemporary Peter D. Klein 715
scepticism, modern Richard Popkin 719
Schlick, Moritz (1882-1936) Andy Hamilton 722
scientia media 723
self-consciousness Vrinda Dalmiya 723
self-evidence Alan H. Goldman 723
self-knowledge and self-identity Sydney Shoemaker 724
self-presenting Alan H. Goldman 726
Sellars, Wilfrid (1912-89) Jay Rosenberg 727
sensation/cognition Fred Dretske 729
sense-data Alan H. Goldman 732
sensitivity and safety Duncan Pritchard 732
Sextus Empiricus Charlotte Stough 736
simplicity Elliott Sober 738
social sciences, epistemology of Fred D'Agostino 739
sociology of knowledge David Bloor 744
Socrates 747
solipsism Clive Borst 747
Spinoza, Benedict (also Baruch) (1632-77) Don Garrett 749
Stoic epistemology J. V. Allen 750
Strawson, Peter Frederick (1919-2006) P. F. Snowdon 753
strong programme David Bloor 754
Suárez, Francisco (1548-1617) Jorge J. E. Gracia 755
subjectivism Richard Foley 756
subjectivity Christopher Peacocke 758
supervenience 760
surprise examination paradox Roy A. Sorensen 760
T 763
tabula rasa R. S. Woolhouse 763
testimony Jennifer Lackey 763
theory Wesley C. Salmon 768
transcendental arguments A. C. Grayling 768
tripartite definition of knowledge Paul K. Moser 771
truth, theories of Paul Horwich 772
truths of reason/truths of fact David Blumenfeld 777
U 779
underdetermination of theory Christopher Hookway 779
use/mention Matthias Steup 779
V 780
verificationism Barry Stroud 780
Vico, Giambattista (1668-1744) Leon Pompa 780
Vienna Circle Andy Hamilton 782
W 783
Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947) Donald W. Sherburne783
Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951) David Pears 783
Z 788
zebras and cleverly disguised mules Mylan Engel 788
Index 793
