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In the latter half of the seventeenth century, Spinoza effected a reversal in the relationship between philosophy, politics, and religion, thereby laying the foundation for modern democracy. This shift, and his plea for philosophical critique, did not pass unchallenged. The idea that there is no equality without freedom, and no freedom without equality, was maligned by those who insisted it would lead to rebellion and anarchy. Still, Spinoza was no solitary figure, but formed part of a larger European movement.
Inspired by several anonymous clandestine treatises, the republican writings of his contemporary De la Court, the democratic ideas of his former teacher Van den Enden, and the subversive criticism of his friend Koerbagh, Spinoza continued the trajectory established by Machiavelli. The resistance which his work encountered played a role in the radicalization of his ideas, the return to Machiavelli's revolutionary principles, and the recognition of the multitude's crucial role.
Contents
Abbreviations
Notes on Translation and Acknowledgments
Preface
I. Machiavelli's Example
1. A (re)construction
2. Istorie fiorentine
3. Parole - Il duca Valentino - I popoli della Valdichiana
4. Il Principe
5. Discorsi
II. Fictions, Laws, and Religions
1. Theophrastus redivivus
2. Artefact
3. Religion as political art
4. Institutions
5. Equal freedom
III. Lieutenants
1. De jure ecclesiasticorum
2. No equality without freedom, no freedom without equality
IV. A Political Balance (Between Passions and Reason, State Interest and the Multitude)
1. Johan/Pieter de la Court
2. Naeuwkeurige consideratien van staet
3. Consideratien van Staat
4. Politike Discoursen
V. The Example of the Indians
1. Franciscus van den Enden
2. Kort verhael van Nieuw-Nederlants Gelegentheit
3. Plokhoy's Kort en klaer ontwerp
4. From the Vrije Politijke Stellingen to Finis est in Holandia
5. "do not dare to speak with their mouth, [but] use their fists"
VI. Translation and Truth: A Dialogue
1. Adriaan Koerbagh
2. 't Samen-spraeck
3. Hobbes's Leviathan in translation
4. Een Bloemhof van allerley lieflijkheyd sonder verdriet
5. Een Ligt schijnende in duystere plaatsen
VII. Spinoza's Reversal
1. 1661 - 1665
2. Tractatus theologico-politicus, 1670
2.1 First movement, first motive
2.2 Second movement, second motive
2.3 Third movement, third motive
3. Countermovement, 1670 - 1676
3.1 1671 - 1673
3.2 1674
3.3 1675 - 1676
4. Tractatus politicus, 1677
4.1 The basis
4.2 Experience
4.3 [...]
VIII. Une mauvaise rhapsodie, un artifice
1. A revolutionary thesis
2. L'Esprit de Spinosa/Traité des trois imposteurs
3. Unmasking deceit
4. The effectual truth for everyone
Counterpoint 1
Counterpoint 2
Counterpoint 3
IX. Quodlibet. In the spirit of Machiavelli
Appendix. The Manuscript Finis est in Holandia
Editorial note
Transcription
Translation
Bibliography