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Full Description
Captivity and enslavement were characteristic experiences of Greek Christians in the late medieval Mediterranean. During this time, Muslim Turks and Christian western Europeans conquered and traded at the expense of the shrinking Byzantine Empire. By bringing together literary and documentary sources spanning a geographical canvas from the Aegean to Egypt and from Cyprus to Catalonia, this book tells that story in full for the first time. It traces this crisis of captivity from its origins in thirteenth-century Asia Minor to its explosion into a Mediterranean-wide phenomenon, interrogating different types of unfreedom and forced movement and evaluating their significance for Greeks' religious and diplomatic relationships with their neighbours, both Christian and Muslim.
This book tells the story of thousands of ordinary people caught up in conflict and dispersed across the Mediterranean against their will. It is the first study to examine the social, cultural and political ramifications of this late medieval trade in Greeks. The book's wide geographical horizons and its accessible style ensure that it will appeal to anyone interested in the medieval Mediterranean or the history of slavery. Its use of previously unpublished or little-known textual sources and its extensive synthesis of Byzantine, Latin European and Islamic sources and scholarship ensure that it will offer new perspectives and revelations for the specialist.
Contents
MapsPrefaceAcknowledgements
Introduction: A Crisis of Captivity
Previous Scholarship Aims, Evidence and Approaches Ethnic Categories Religious Categories Categories of UnfreedomChapter Outline
Part I: Historical Contexts
Chapter 1: Political Changes in Asia Minor
The Late Medieval Romania The Collapse of Byzantine Asia Minor Evidence of Crisis (1): Cyprus Evidence of Crisis (2): Crete Catalans in the Romania Conclusions
Chapter 2: Slave Trading in the Mediterranean and Black Sea
The Slave Trade Greek Captives in Context Genoa and the Trade in Greek Captives Byzantine Relations with the Mamlūk Sultanate Greek Captives, Cyprus and the Mamlūk Sultanate Conclusion
Part II: Social Dynamics
Chapter 3: Captives, Slaves and Refugees
Captives or Slaves? Experiences of Captivity Experiences of Slavery Captives or Refugees? Trends in Forced Mobility Conclusions
Chapter 4: Methods of Redemption
Ransom as Religious Duty Captives' Letters of Clerical Advocacy (Aichmalotika) The Distribution of Testimonials Further Evidence for Itinerant Alms-Seeking The Individual as Ransomer Prisoner Exchanges Military Orders Conclusion
Part III: Cross-Cultural Relations
Chapter 5: Christian Masters, Christian Slaves?
Religion and Slavery Ethnicity and Slavery Subjecthood and Captivity Conclusion
Chapter 6: Turkish Conquests, Conquered Greeks
Greek Clergy and Captives under Islamic Rule Greek Captives and Slaves in Islamic Asia Minor Raiding and Depopulation Conquest and Deportation Conclusions
Conclusion: A Mediterranean Phenomenon
Bibliography
Index
