Full Description
Practical guidance and expert insights into ultrasound scanning for obstetrics and gynecology
Ultrasound Scanning Guide for Obstetrics and Gynecology offers a clear and structured approach to developing scanning skills in these two closely related specialties. Beginning with scan plane directions and probe manipulation techniques, the book builds towards applying these fundamentals to established scanning protocols.
Drawing on over 20 years of clinical experience, the authors provide:
Step-by-step explanations presented in easy-to-read tables with progressive complexity
Hundreds of visual elements, including ultrasound images and colour illustrations
Transabdominal and transvaginal scanning techniques for the female pelvis
Obstetric scanning methods to assess maternal pelvis and fetus throughout pregnancy
Designed as a practical, hands-on resource, this foundational guide is ideal for sonography students, physicians, nurses, midwives, and other healthcare professionals seeking to enhance their ultrasound capabilities in obstetrics and gynecology.
Contents
Preface viii
Acknowledgements ix
List of Abbreviations x
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Learning Approach 1
1.2 Prerequisites for Guidebook 2
1.3 Common Terminology Used in Guidebook 2
1.4 Ultrasound Images 2
1.5 Transparency of Ultrasound Image Editing 3
1.6 Ergonomics 3
Bibliography 3
2 Transabdominal Ultrasound Scanning of Female Pelvis 4
2.1 Orientation Markers of the Probe and Image Display 4
2.2 Scan Plane Directions 6
2.3 The Relationship Between the Sagittal and Transverse Scan Planes 7
2.3.1 To Change the Scan Plane from Sagittal to Transverse 7
2.3.2 To Change the Scan Plane from Transverse to Sagittal 8
2.4 Oblique Scan Planes 9
2.4.1 Sag and Trans Scan Planes for the Midline Uterus 9
2.4.2 Sag and Trans Scan Planes for Right Tilted Uterus 9
2.4.3 Trans and Sag Scan Planes for Left Tilted Uterus 10
2.5 Annotation or Labelling Images 11
2.6 Transducer Manipulation Techniques 11
2.7 Basics of Interrogation of Structures by Sweeping the Sound Beam 18
2.7.1 Sagittal Sweep Directions 20
2.7.2 Transverse Sweep Directions 20
2.8 Interrogation of Organs and Structures That Lie in Oblique Planes 21
2.8.1 Example 1: Sag Sweeps for Right Tilted Uterus 21
2.8.2 Example 2: Trans Sweeps for Left Tilted Uterus 22
2.9 Key Points to Remember When Scanning 22
2.10 Transabdominal Ultrasound Scanning of Female Pelvis 23
2.10.1 Clinical History for Gynecological Ultrasound 23
2.10.2 Transabdominal Ultrasound Scanning Protocol for Female Pelvis 23
2.11 Tips for Dealing with Overlying Bowel Gas 41
Bibliography 41
3 Transvaginal Ultrasound Scanning of Female Pelvis 42
3.1 Orientation Markers for TV Probe and Image Display 42
3.2 Scan Plane Directions for TV Ultrasound Scanning 43
3.3 Transducer Manipulation Techniques for TV Scanning 46
3.4 TV Scanning in the Anterior Fornix Versus the Posterior Fornix 53
3.4.1 To Reposition Probe Head from Posterior Fornix to Anterior Fornix 54
3.4.2 To Reposition Probe Head from Anterior Fornix to Posterior Fornix 55
3.5 How to Recognize Variations in Uterine Position 55
3.6 Preparation for TV Ultrasound Scanning 58
3.6.1 Prior to the Start of the TV Examination 58
3.6.2 At the Start of the TV Examination 59
3.6.3 During the TV Examination 59
3.6.4 At the End of the TV Examination 59
3.7 TV Scanning of the AV Uterus 59
3.8 TV Scanning of the RV Uterus 69
3.9 TV Scanning of the Ovaries and Adnexa 77
Bibliography 81
4 Obstetrical Ultrasound Scanning 82
4.1 Introduction to Obstetrical Ultrasound Scanning 82
4.2 Clinical History in Pregnancy 83
4.3 Gestational Age in Pregnancy and Determining the Estimated Due Date 83
4.4 Survey of the Maternal Pelvis and Gravid Uterus 83
4.5 Fetal Position 85
4.6 Fetal Lie 86
4.6.1 Method for Determining the Fetal Lie 87
4.7 Fetal Presentation 87
4.8 Determining Fetal Right and Left Sides 88
4.8.1 Method to Determine Fetal Right and Left Sides 88
4.8.1.1 Example 1: Determining Situs for Breech Fetus 89
4.8.1.2 Example 2: Determining Situs for Cephalic Fetus 89
4.8.1.3 Example 3: Determining Situs for Fetus in Oblique Lie 90
4.9 Understanding the Scan Plane Directions Relative to the Fetus 91
4.10 Fetal Sweep Directions 92
4.11 Key Points to Remember During Obstetrical Scanning 93
4.12 The Ultrasound Scan in the First Trimester 94
4.12.1 Nuchal Translucency 94
4.12.2 Example Protocol for Ultrasound Scan in the First Trimester 95
4.13 Placenta 102
4.13.1 Method for Determining Low- Lying Placenta and Placenta Praevia 103
4.14 Ultrasound Assessment of the Cervix in Pregnancy 104
4.15 Uterine Contraction in Pregnancy 105
4.16 The Ultrasound Scan in the Second Trimester 106
4.16.1 Amniotic Fluid 106
4.16.2 Fetal Biometry Measurements 107
4.16.3 Challenge of Scanning the Mobile Fetus 107
4.16.4 Fetal Activity 107
4.16.5 Example Protocol for Ultrasound Scan in the Second Trimester 107
4.17 The Ultrasound Scan in the Third Trimester 134
4.17.1 Biophysical Profile 134
4.17.2 Example Protocol for Ultrasound Scan in the Third Trimester 135
Bibliography 136
Appendix A 138
Index 139
