An Introduction to Behavior Analysis (2ND)

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An Introduction to Behavior Analysis (2ND)

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  • 製本 Hardcover:ハードカバー版/ページ数 496 p.
  • 言語 ENG
  • 商品コード 9781394286706

Full Description

The latest edition of the gold standard in introductory behavior analysis texts

In the newly revised second edition of An Introduction to Behavior Analysis, a team of experienced researchers delivers an engaging and comprehensive introduction to the theoretical fundamentals and applications of behavior analysis. The authors focus on practical issues encountered by practicing behavior analysts, including Pavlovian and operant learning, reinforcement and punishment, motivation and stimulus control, and other key concepts in the field.

The book clearly articulates and defends the philosophical assumptions and overarching goals of behavior analysis. It describes objective data collection, experimental methods, and data analysis in the context of modern psychology. You'll also find:

Core behavioral analysis principles explained in an accessible way that are appropriate for introductory audiences
Expert discussions of a variety of common behavior issues, including language, substance-use disorders, and psychological disorders
Up-to-date examinations of the latest empirical research and theory, along with identifications of areas that require further data and study
Complimentary access to a companion website containing PowerPoint slides and a test bank for each chapter

Perfect for students undertaking their first course in behavior analysis or behavior modification, An Introduction to Behavior Analysis is also a must-read for trainees pursuing certification through the Behavior Analysis Certification Board and for students of the applied psychological sciences.

Contents

Preface

1 An Introduction to Behavior Analysis 1

What Is Behavior?

What Is Behavior Analysis?

The Goals of Behavior Analysis

The First Goal of Behavior Analysis

The Second Goal of Behavior Analysis

Demand More of Your Science

Reading Quiz 1

The Assumptions of Behavior Analysis

Assumption #1: Behavior is determined

Mentalistic Explanations of Behavior

I'm Not Buying It. I Determine My Own Behavior

EXTRA BOX 1: Determinism Promotes Empathy and Compassion

Assumption #2: The scientific method is a valid way to reveal the

determinants of behavior

Reading Quiz 2

Scientific Method

Reading Quiz 3

What Are the Determinants of Behavior?

Nature

Nurture

Behavioral Epigenetics

The Activities of Behavior Analysts

The Experimental Analysis of Behavior

Applied Behavior Analysis

EXTRA BOX 2: Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis

Behavioral Service Delivery

Organizational Behavior Management

Certified Applied Animal Behaviorists

Summary

Reading Quiz 4

Reading Quiz Answers

References

2 Behavioral Research and Measures

Variables

Correlation vs Causation

Experiments

Three Components of a Behavioral Experiment

Reading Quiz 1

Choosing the Target Behavior

Dimensions of Behavior

Frequency

Latency

Duration

Magnitude

Measuring Behavior

Indirect Observation Methods

Self-Report

Permanent-Product Recording

Choosing the Right Observation Method (PART 1)

Direct Observations

Operational Definitions

Social Validity of the Operational Definition

Inter-Observer Agreement (IOA)

What IOA is Not

Reading Quiz 2

Conducting Direct Observations

Event Recording

Calculating IOA When Using Event Recording

Interval Recording

Partial-Interval Recording

Whole-Interval Recording

Calculating IOA When Partial-Or Whole-Interval Recording

Duration Recording

Calculating IOA When Using Duration Recording

Calculating IOA When Using Permanent-Product Recording

Choosing the Right Observation Method (PART 2)

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Reading Quiz Answers

References

3 Experimental Designs in Behavior Analysis

Group Experimental Designs

EXTRA BOX 1: The Price of Group Designs
Single-Subject Experimental Designs

Internal Validity of Single-Subject Experimental Designs

Four Types of Single-Subject Experimental Designs

Comparison (A-B) Design

Reversal (A-B-A) Design

EXTRA BOX 2: An ABA Reversal Design Experiment in the NBA

Alternating-Treatments Design

Multiple-Baseline Designs

Defining Features of Single-Subject Designs

Three Kinds of Replication

Reading Quiz 1

Did Behavior Change?

Two Patterns of Behavior Change

What Makes a Change Convincing?

Guidelines for Conducting the Visual Analysis

What Is Responsible for the Change

Reading Quiz 2

Supplementing the Visual Analysis with Inferential Statistics

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

References

4 Phylogenetic Behavior and Pavlovian Learning

Phylogenetically Selected Behavior

Reflex Learning - Habituation

EXTRA BOX 1: Habituation and Happiness
The "Nature and Nurture" Answer to the "Nature vs Nurture" Debate

Elicited or Evoked?

Reading Quiz 1

Pavlovian Learning

The Discovery of Pavlovian Learning

A Simple Pavlovian Conditioning Procedure

Pavlovian Conditioning of Positive Emotions

Pavlovian Conditioning of Negative Emotions 89

The Little Albert Experiment

What Became of Little Albert?

Fear Conditioning and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Reading Quiz 2

What Is Learned During Pavlovian Conditioning?

Pavlovian Learning Happens Automatically

Four Principles of Effective Pavlovian Conditioning

Applying these principles to Understanding PTSD

Reading Quiz 3

Generalization

Pavlovian Extinction-Based Therapy

Graduated Exposure Therapy

Spontaneous Recovery

EXTRA BOX 2: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans

Reading Quiz 4

Pavlovian Conditioning in Everyday Life

Taste-Aversion Learning

Advertising

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

References

5 Operant Learning I: Reinforcement

Operant Behavior

Reading Quiz 1

Response-Consequence Contingencies

Learning Response-Consequence Contingencies

Noncontingent Consequences

Superstitious Behavior

Reading Quiz 2

Changing Behavior with Contingent Consequences

Extra Box 1: Noncontingent Consequences in North Korea

Reinforcers, Reinforcement, and Rewards

Reading Quiz 3

The Discovery of Reinforcement

Is it a Reinforcer?

From Puzzle Boxes to Skinner Boxes

Reading Quiz 4

Reinforcement in Daily Life

Response Variability: Exploring & Exploiting

Extra Box 2: Add Some Variability to Your Life

The Generic Nature of Operant Behavior

Not Every Consequence Functions as a Reinforcer

Reading Quiz 5

Reinforcement in Social Media and Video Games

Games for Good

Summary

Reading Quiz & Table 5.2 Answers

References

6 Operant Learning II: Positive and Negative Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement in the Lab

Negative Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE-)

Negative Reinforcement - Escape (SRE-) in the Lab

Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA-)

Negative Reinforcement - Avoidance (SRA-) in the Lab

Extra Box 1: What Is the Consequence in SRA-?

Distinguishing Between SRE- and SRA-

Reading Quiz 1

Positive or Negative Reinforcement: Is There Really

a Difference?

Reason 1: Heuristics

Reason 2: Loss Aversion

Using Reinforcement to Positively Influence Behavior

Reinforcement in the Workplace

Three Objections to Reinforcement

Objection 1: Intrinsic Motivation

Objection 2: Performance-Inhibiting Properties of Reinforcement

Objection 3: The Alignment Problem

Reading Quiz 2

Theories of Reinforcement

The Response Strengthening Theory of Reinforcement

The Information Theory of Reinforcement

Evaluating the Theories

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Reading Quiz Answers

References

7 Operant Extinction & Differential Reinforcement

Operant Extinction Following Positive Reinforcement

Operant Extinction Following Negative Reinforcement

How Quickly Will Operant Extinction Work?

Rate of Reinforcement Prior to Extinction

Motivation

Spontaneous Recovery of Operant Behavior

Reading Quiz 1

Extra Box 1: How Extinction Informs Theories of Reinforcement

Other Predictable Effects of Extinction

Extinction-Induced Emotional Behavior

Extinction Burst

Extinction-Induced Variability

Extinction-Induced Resurgence

We Tried It at Home

Reading Quiz 2

Using Extinction to Positively Influence Behavior

Functional Analysis of Behavior

Functional Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior

EXTRA BOX 2: Functional Analysis of Charitable Giving

Differential Reinforcement

Therapeutic Use of Differential Reinforcement

Differential Reinforcement Without Extinction

How to Effectively Use Differential Reinforcement

Differentially Reinforcing Topography

Differentially Reinforcing Rate of Operant Behavior

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Reading Quiz Answers

References

8 Unconditioned Reinforcers, Conditioned Reinforcers, and Shaping

Unconditioned Reinforcers

Conditioned Reinforcers

Pavlovian Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers

Verbal Learning and Conditioned Reinforcers

The Token Economy

Reading Quiz 1

Arranging Effective Conditioned Reinforcers

Principle 1: Use an Effective Backup Reinforcer

Principle 2: Use a Salient Conditioned Reinforcer

Principle 3: The Conditioned Reinforcer Should Signal a Significant Reduction in the Delay to the Backup Reinforcer

Principle 4: The Conditioned Reinforcer Must be the Only Stimulus Signaling the Delay Reduction to the Backup Reinforcer
Extra Box 1: Conditioned Reinforcers in Zoos

Clicker Training with Humans

Reading Quiz 2

Shaping

Extra Box 2: Shaping Animal Behavior on the Farm

Shaping Human Behavior

Shaping and Flow

Principles of Effective Shaping

Automating Shaping: Percentile Schedules of Reinforcement

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Answers to Reading Quizes

References 226

9 Motivation, Reinforcer Efficacy, and Habit

Formation

Everyday Concepts of Motivation

From Motivation to Motivating Operations

Two Kinds of Motivating Operations

Examples of EOs

Examples of AOs

Motivating Operations Require Response-Reinforcer Contingency Learning

The Therapeutic Utility of Motivating Operations

Extra Box 1: The Cost of Mentalistic Reasoning

Reading Quiz 1

Identifying Effective Reinforcers: The "Liking" Strategy

Reinforcer Surveys

Stimulus Preference Assessments

Extra Box 2: Avoiding Circularity - Response Disequilibrirum Theory

Reading Quiz 2

Measuring Reinforcer Efficacy

Dimensions of Effective Reinforcers

Contingency

Reinforcer Size

Reinforcer Quality

Reinforcer Immediacy

EXTRA BOX 3: Reinforcing Altruism

Habit Formation

Habits - What Are They and How Are They Formed

Our Everyday Habits

Replacing Bad Habits with Good Ones

Reading Quiz 3

Chapter Summary

Answers to Reading Quizzes

References

10 Punishment

Punishers and Punishment

Unconditioned and Conditioned Punishment

Positive and Negative Punishment - Both Decrease Behavior 261

Positive Punishment

Negative Punishment

Reading Quiz 1

When Should We Punish?

A Deeper Dive on Punishment Critiques

EXTRA BOX 1. The Ethics of Electric Shock Punishment in Applied Behavior Analysis

Punishment is the Norm—Using it Effectively is Humane

Six Characteristics of Effective Punishment

1. Focus on Reinforcement First

2. Combine Punishment with Extinction and/or Differential Reinforcement

3. Deliver Punishers Immediately

4. Deliver Punishment Contingently

5. Punish Every Time

6. Use the Least-Intense Punisher That Works

Reading Quiz 2

Two Practical Negative-Punishment Procedures

Time-out from Positive Reinforcement

Response-Cost Punishment

The Watchful Eye of the Punisher

The Role of Reinforcement in the Act of Punishing

Reading Quiz 3

Chapter Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions

References

11 Complex Contingencies of Reinforcement

Schedules of Reinforcement

Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed-Ratio Schedules

Variable-Ratio Schedules

The Behavioral Economics of Ratio Schedules

The Underappreciated VR Schedule

Reading Quiz 1

Interval Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed-Interval Schedules

Variable-Interval Schedules

Putting it All Together

Reading Quiz 2

Why Study Schedules of Reinforcement?

Extra Box 1: Contingency Management of Substance-Use Disorders

Schedule Thinning

Scheduling Reinforcers to Enhance Human Performance and Wellbeing

Increasing Spontaneity with Lag Schedules of Reinforcement

Reading Quiz 3

Summary

Answers to Reading Quiz Questions and Questions Posed in Tables 11.1-11.4

References

12 Antecedent Stimulus Control

Phylogenetic and Pavlovian Stimulus Control

Discriminated Operant Behavior

The Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

The SΔ

The SDp

The Three-term Contingency

Reading Quiz 1

Discriminative Stimuli and Establishing Operations

Discriminative Stimuli and Conditioned Reinforcement

Discrimination Training

Effective Methods of Discrimination Training

EXTRA BOX 1: Direct Instruction of Reading Skills

Using Discrimination Training to Positively

Influence Behavior

Generalization

Using Discrimination Training to Improve Stimulus Control

Promoting Generalization and Maintenance

Tactic 1: Teach Behaviors That Will Contact Natural Contingencies of

Reinforcement

Tactic 2: Train Diversely

Tactic 3: Arrange Antecedent Stimuli That Will Cue Generalization

Reading Quiz 2

Stimulus-Response Chains

Teaching Stimulus-Response Chains

Prompting and Fading

Extra Box 2: Stimulus Control and Consciousness 343

Reading Quiz 3

Chapter Summary

Answers to Reading Quizzes

References

13 Choice

What Is Choice?

Four Variables Affecting Choice

Reinforcement vs. No Consequence

Reinforcer Size/Quality

Effort

Reinforcer Delay

Summary

Reading Quiz 1

The Rich Uncle Joe Experiment

Choosing between Uncertain Outcomes

Herrnstein's Matching Equation

Adding Uncertainty

Replications Across Species

Reading Quiz 2

Extra Box 1: The Matching Law, Terrorism, and White Nationalism

Substitutes

Extra Box 2: What Substitutes for Drug Reinforcers?

Using the Matching Law to Positively Influence Behavior

Increasing SociallyDesirable Behavior

Decreasing Undesirable Behavior

The Matching Law and Attention

Summary

Reading Quiz 3

Impulsive and Self-Control Choices

Predicting Impulsive Choice

Predicting Preference Reversals

Reducing Impulsive Choice

Commitment Strategies

Delay-Exposure Training 380

Reading Quiz 4

Summary

Reading Quiz & Table 3 Answers

References

14 Verbal Behavior, Rule-Following, and Clinical

Behavior Analysis

Behavioral Approaches to Language

Skinner's Functional Analysis of Speaker Behavior

Echoic

Mand

Tact

Intraverbal

Training Verbal Operants

Reading Quiz 1

The Behavior of the Listener

Expanding the Verbal Repertoire

Verbal Behavior and Emotions

Reading Quiz 2

Rules and Rule-Governed Behavior

Why Follow the Rules?

Pliance

Tracking

Persistently Following Incorrect Rules

Are We Hopelessly Compliant?

The Dark Side of Tracking

Reading Quiz 3

Breaking the Rules in Clinical Psychology

Extra Box 1: If Thoughts Are Important, Prepare to Suffer

The "Acceptance" in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy

The "Commitment" in Acceptance and

Commitment Therapy

EXTRA BOX 2: Personal Values Exercise

Does ACT Work?

Reading Quiz 4

Summary

Supplemental Readings

Answers to Reading Quizzes

References

Appendix

Glossary

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