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Full Description
An authoritative and comprehensive foundation for professionals, educators, and students working in optical navigation
In Fundamentals of Spacecraft Optical Navigation, aerospace engineer John Christian delivers a rigorous and up-to-date discussion of optical navigation—the art of navigating spacecraft with camera images. The author combines the rich history of the fields of aerospace engineering, geometry, astronomy, planetary science, and computer vision with a robust treatment of the mathematics needed to solve contemporary problems.
Organized into ten chapters, the book provides the first comprehensive treatment of optical navigation. Readers will find:
Detailed account of the history of optical navigation, with plentiful excerpts and figures from original sources
Rigorous introduction to the mathematics of projective geometry
Thorough introductions to spacecraft dynamics, kinematics, and reference frames
Comprehensive explorations of star catalogs, astrometry, and planetary photometry
Overview of optical instrument hardware design
Practical discussion of celestial navigation and terrain relative navigation (TRN)
Perfect for graduate students interested in spacecraft guidance, navigation, and control, Fundamentals of Spacecraft Optical Navigation will also benefit aerospace faculty and aerospace professionals with a responsibility for designing, reviewing, operating, or working with optical navigation systems.
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
1 Introduction
1.1 OpNav Pre-History
1.2 The Rise of Radio Navigation
1.3 OpNav in Crewed Spaceflight
1.4 OpNav in Robotic Spaceflight
1.5 Terrain Relative Navigation
2 Mathematical Foundations 49
2.1 Set Theory and Algebraic Structures
2.2 Vector Spaces and Linear Algebra
2.3 Change of Basis and Orthogonal Matrices
2.4 Attitude Parameterizations
2.5 Geometric Algebra
2.6 Polynomials
2.7 Conics (a first encounter)
3 Projective Geometry 165
3.1 Perspective and the Pinhole Camera Model
3.2 Rules of Perspective Projection
3.3 An Axiomatic Perspective
3.4 An Algebraic Perspective
3.5 Invariants
3.6 Two-Dimensional Transformations
4 Time, Reference Frames, and Orbits 309
4.1 Time and Angle
4.2 Equinoxes and Solstices
4.3 Celestial Reference Frames
4.4 Days, Calendars, and Civil Time
4.5 Two-Body Orbital Mechanics
4.6 Dissemination of Celestial Geometry
5 Astrometry and Star Catalogs 397
5.1 The Propagation of Light
5.2 Asterisms and Constellations
5.3 Classical Star Catalogs
5.4 Modern Astrometry and Star Catalogs
5.5 Stochastic Catalogs
5.6 Theory of Relativity
6 Radiometry and Photometry 515
6.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
6.2 Photons and Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)
6.3 Radiometric Units of Measure
6.4 Blackbody Radiation
6.5 Apparent Magnitude
6.6 Photometric Systems
6.7 Transmittance and Optical Depth
6.8 Single-Scattering Phase Function (SSPF)
6.9 Reflectance Models
6.10 Reflectance Models for Rough Planetary Surfaces
6.11 Reflectance Model Comparisons
6.12 Resolved Photometry
6.13 Unresolved (Disk-Integrated) Photometry
7 Camera Hardware and Models 689
7.1 Overview of Camera Systems
7.2 Light Baffles
7.3 Optical Assembly
7.4 Image Sensors
7.5 Camera & Optical Instrument Design
8 Navigating with Stars 821
8.1 Modeling Stars in Digital Images
8.2 Star Detection and Centroiding
8.3 Attitude Determination
8.4 Star Identification
8.5 Velocity Estimation from Stellar Aberration
9 Celestial Navigation 927
9.1 Global Shape of Self-Gravitating Bodies
9.2 Images of Ellipsoidal Celestial Bodies
9.3 Horizon-Based Position Estimation
9.4 Horizon-Based Attitude Determination
9.5 Triangulation
9.6 Navigation Filters
10 Terrain Relative Navigation 1069
10.1 Landmarks
10.2 Map-Free TRN
10.3 Map-Based TRN
Index
