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This book introduces a comprehensive overview on the fundamentals and applications of environmental sampling and analysis for students in environmental science and engineering as well as environmental professionals involved in sampling and analytical work.
The book details fundamentals of sampling, selection of standard methods, QA/QC, sample preparation, chemical and instrumental principles, and method applications to various contaminants in environmental matrices (air, water, soil, waste, and biological samples). The book gives an integrated introduction to sampling and analysis - both are essential to quality environmental data. For example, contrary to other books that introduce a specific area of sampling and analysis, this text provides a balanced mix of field sampling and laboratory analysis, essential knowledge in chemistry/statistics/hydrology/regulations, wet chemical methods for conventional chemicals as well as various modern instrumental techniques for contaminants of emerging concerns. The new edition adds three standalone chapters regarding the basics of analytical and organic chemistry, environmental data analysis, mass spectrometry and other significant amounts of new materials such as time-integrated passive sampling, incremental sampling, green sample preparation, Raman spectroscopy, chiral separation, and non-target analysis. In addition, the second edition provides more examples, visual aids, case studies, and end-of-chapter exercise problems to enhance a better understanding of the fundamentals of environmental sampling and analysis while incorporating current literature (mostly peer-reviewed journal papers) regarding the applications and challenges in the field of environmental sampling and analysis.
Contents
Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, 2nd Edition TOC:
List of Case Studies xiii
List of Boxes xiv
Preface xvi
New in the Second Edition xviii
About the Author xxi
Whom This Book Is Written For xxii
To the Instructor xxiii
Acknowledgments xxiv
List of Symbols xxvi
1 Introduction to Environmental Data Acquisition 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Environmental Sampling 9
1.3 Environmental Analysis 9
Chapter Themes 13
References 13
Questions 14
Problems 15
2 Basics of Analytical and Organic Chemistry 16
2.1 Basic Concepts from Analytical Chemistry 17
2.2 Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry 27
Chapter Themes 47
References 48
Questions 49
Problems 51
3 Basics of Environmental Data Validation and Analysis 55
3.1 Measurements of Central Tendency and Dispersion 56
3.2 Understanding Probability Distributions 59
3.3 Hypothesis Testing and Type I and II Errors 65
3.4 Detection of Outliers 67
3.5 Analysis of Censored Data 72
3.6 Analysis of Spatial and Time Series Data 77
Chapter Themes 80
References 81
Questions 82
Problems 83
4 Environmental Sampling Design 87
4.1 Planning and Sampling Protocols 88
4.2 Sampling Environmental Population 91
4.3 Environmental Sampling Approaches: Where and When 95
4.4 Estimating Sample Numbers and Sampling Frequencies 108
Chapter Themes 112
References 113
Questions 115
Problems 116
5 Environmental Sampling Techniques 120
5.1 General Guidelines of Environmental Sampling Techniques 121
5.2 Grab Sampling Techniques for Various Media: Practical Approaches and Tips 136
5.3 Time-Integrated Sampling and Sensing Techniques 148
Chapter Themes 153
References 154
Questions 156
Problems 158
6 Methodology and Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Environmental Analysis 159
6.1 Overview on Standard Methodologies 160
6.2 Selection of Standard Methods 169
6.3 Field Quality Assurance/Quality Control 175
6.4 Analytical Quality Assurance/Quality Control 177
Chapter Themes 185
References 186
Questions 187
Problems 189
7 Wet Chemical and Field Methods for Common Environmental Parameters 191
7.1 Basic Operations in Environmental Laboratories 192
7.2 Wet Chemical Methods and Common Techniques in Environmental Analysis 200
7.3 Analytical Principles for Common Wet Chemical Methods 204
7.4 Field Monitoring Testing Kits and Sensors 221
Chapter Themes 224
References 224
Questions 225
Problems 226
8 Fundamentals of Sample Preparation for Environmental Analysis 229
8.1 Overview of Sample Preparation 230
8.2 Sample Preparation for Metal Analysis 233
8.3 Extraction for SVOC and Non-VOC from Liquid or Solid Samples 240
8.4 Sample Preparation for VOC in Liquid and Solid Samples 251
8.5 Post-Extraction Cleanup of Organic Compounds 255
8.6 Derivatization for GC and HPLC Analysis 257
Chapter Themes 260
References 260
Questions 262
Problems 263
9 Molecular Spectroscopic Methods in Environmental Analysis 264
9.1 An Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy 265
9.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy 271
9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 286
9.4 Raman Spectrometry 296
9.5 Photoluminescence and Chemiluminescence 299
Chapter Themes 300
References 301
Questions 302
Problems 305
10 Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis 306
10.1 Introduction to the Principles of Atomic Spectroscopy 307
10.2 Instruments for Atomic Spectroscopy 313
10.3 Selection of the Proper Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques 320
10.4 Speciation of Metals in Environmental Samples 325
10.5 Practical Tips to Metal Analysis 326
Chapter Themes 331
References 332
Questions 333
Problems 335
11 Chromatographic Methods for Environmental Analysis 336
11.1 Introduction to Chromatography 337
11.2 Instruments of Chromatographic Methods 356
11.3 Common Detectors for Chromatography 363
11.4 Applications of Chromatographic Methods in Environmental Analysis 371
11.5 Practical Tips to Chromatographic Methods 375
Chapter Themes 379
References 380
Questions 381
Problems 383
12 Electrochemical Methods for Environmental Analysis 385
12.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Theories 386
12.2 Potentiometric Applications in Environmental Analysis 395
12.3 Voltammetric Applications in Environmental Analysis 401
Chapter Themes 406
References 407
Questions 408
Problems 410
13 Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis 411
13.1 Basics of Mass Spectrometry 412
13.2 Ionization Techniques 417
13.3 Mass Analyzers 428
13.4 Hyphenated Mass Spectrometric Methods 435
13.5 Mass Spectra and Molecule Fragmentation 442
13.6 Mass Spectrometric Applications in Environmental Analysis 448
Chapter Themes 451
References 452
Questions 453
Problems 458
14 Other Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis 459
14.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 460
14.2 Surface and Microscopic Characterization 474
14.3 Radiochemical Analysis 484
14.4 Screening Methods Using Immunoassay 489
Chapter Themes 489
References 490
Questions 491
Problems 494
Appendix A: Common Abbreviations and Acronyms 495
Appendix B1: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations 503
Appendix B2: National Ambient Air Quality Standards 507
Appendix C: Structures and Properties of Important Organic Pollutants 508
Appendix D1: Standard Normal Cumulative Probabilities 519
Appendix D2: Percentiles of Student's t Distribution 521
Appendix D3: Critical Values for the F-Distribution 523
Appendix E: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times 526
Appendix F: Answers to Selected Questions and Problems 529
Appendix G: Periodic Table 537
Index 538
Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, 2nd Edition Solutions Manual TOC:
Chapter 1 Questions 1
Problems 5
Chapter 2 Questions 6
Problems 12
Chapter 3 Questions 17
Problems 19
Chapter 4 Questions 33
Problems 39
Chapter 5 Questions 49
Problems 53
Chapter 6 Questions 56
Problems 63
Chapter 7 Questions 67
Problems 74
Chapter 8 Questions 79
Problems 87
Chapter 9 Questions 90
Problems 96
Chapter 10 Questions 100
Problems 108
Chapter 11 Questions 110
Problems 121
Chapter 12 Questions 124
Problems 131
Chapter 13 Questions 133
Problems 145
Chapter 14 Questions 147
Problems 160
