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A REFINED, FOCUSED APPROACH TO LEARNING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Adapted from the 16th edition of Kring and Johnson's popular text, The Science and Treatment of Psychological Disorders, this Fundamentals version offers a streamlined textbook that maintains the strengths of the traditional text. Johnson and Kring continue to bring to light cutting-edge research, which they balance against clinical understanding. Throughout, they strive to provide clear prose, helpful examples of clinical cases to illustrate symptoms and treatments, and up-to-date scientific coverage of issues that are front and center in current media such as opioids and vaping, and digital mental health.
With a shorter, more focused text, the authors give learners a solid foundation in psychopathology. They emphasize an integrative approach, showing how psychopathology is best understood by considering multiple perspectives—biological, cognitive, behavioral, and socio-emotional—and how these varying perspectives can provide us with the clearest accounting of the causes of these disorders. For each disorder, they provide learners with an understanding of the best supported biological and psychological treatments, so that learners come away with the latest science on what "works" and for whom. Critical issues in how race, culture, and country of origin are considered. The final chapter of the book covers important legal and ethical issues in the mental health field.
The importance of stigma and mental illness is discussed throughout the book—never is this more important than now when many social ills are too easily blamed on mental illness (e.g., gun violence) while we continue to warehouse people with mental illness in jails at an astonishing rate.
AN INTERACTIVE, MULTIMEDIA LEARNING EXPERIENCE
This textbook includes access to an interactive, multimedia e-text. Icons throughout the print book signal corresponding digital content in the e-text.
Case Study Videos and Pause and Ponder Activities: A collection of fourteen 7- to 10-minute Case Study Videos presents an encompassing view of a variety of psychological disorders, featuring people experiencing these disorders and their family members describing symptoms from their own perspective. In addition, each video provides concise information about the available treatment options and commentary from a mental health professional. Each video is presented in the context of a Pause and Ponder activity with the following elements:
Part I: Pause: Readers are asked to read several short examples of everyday life situations facing a person, or people, with a particular disorder and asses their own ability to empathize.
Part II: Learn: Readers are directed to view the Case Study Video and answer a series of questions with interactive self-scoring.
Part III: Ponder: Finally, readers are asked to respond to one or more open-ended questions and to reassess their ability to empathize.
Concept and Topic Videos: In early chapters, short videos complement the reading with broad overviews of important concepts like the scientific method, the importance of reliability and validity in research, etc. In later chapters, these short videos are designed to draw students in and provide a general overview of the disorders and treatments they will read about and study. Instructor's Resources include brief, open-ended question sets for use with these videos that ask questions to stimulate students' curiosity like "What did the video confirm about your prior understanding of...? What did the video challenge about your prior understanding of...? Did anything surprise you, if so, what? What are you curious to learn more about concerning...?"
Interactive Figures, Charts & Tables: Appearing throughout the enhanced e-text, interactive figures, process diagrams, and tables facilitate the study of complex concepts and processes and help students retain important information. Even many of the simplest figures are interactive to encourage online readers to pause and absorb the information they present before scrolling on to additional reading.
Interactive Self-Scoring Check Your Knowledge Questions and Practice Quizzes: Students can check their answers to the Check Your Knowledge questions at the end of each major chapter section instantly, and each chapter includes a self-scoring Practice Quiz to help prepare for graded assignments and exams.
Contents
1 Introduction and Historical
Overview 1
Psychological Disorders and Stigma 2
Defining Psychological Disorder 4
Personal Distress 5
Disability 5
Dysfunction 6
Early History of Psychological
Disorders 6
Supernatural Explanations 7
Early Biological Explanations 7
The Dark Ages: Back to the Supernatural 7
Development of Asylums 8
Historical Antecedents of Contemporary
Views 10
Biological Approaches 10
Psychological Approaches 12
Have We Learned from History? 16
The Mental Health Professions 17
Summary 18
2 Current Approaches in Psychological Disorders 20
Genetic Influences 20
Behavior Genetics 22
Molecular Genetics 22
Gene-Environment Interactions 24
Neuroscience Influences 26
Neurons and Neurotransmitters 26
Structure and Function of the Human Brain 27
The Immune System 28
Neuroscience Approaches to Treatment 30
Cognitive Behavioral Influences 31
Influences from Behaviorism 31
Cognitive Science 31
The Role of the Unconscious 32
Cognitive Behavior Therapy 33
Socioemotional Influences 35
The Importance of Emotion 35
Sociocultural Influences 36
Interpersonal Influences and the Role of Stress 37
Summary 39
3 Assessment, Diagnosis, and Research Methods 41
Assessment 42
Clinical Interviews 42
Personality Tests 44
Self-Report Questionnaivres 44
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Tests 44
Intelligence Tests 44
Neuropsychological Tests 45
Neurobiological Assessment 45
Diagnosis 48
The Diagnostic System of the American Psychiatric Association: DSM-5-TR 48
General Criticisms of Diagnosing Psychological Disorders 53
Ethnic and Cultural Considerations in Assessment and Diagnosis 54
Cultural and Racial Bias in Assessment 54
Strategies for Avoiding Cultural and Racial Bias in Assessment 54
Cultural Considerations in Diagnosis 55
Research Methods 58
Choosing a Sample 58
Research Designs in the Study of Psychological Disorders 58
One Example of Experimental Research: Treatment Outcome Research 63
Integrating the Findings of Multiple Studies 67
Summary 70
4 Mood Disorders 73
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Depressive Disorders 74
Major Depressive Disorder 75
Persistent Depressive Disorder 75
Epidemiology and Consequences of Depressive Disorders 76
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorders 78
Bipolar I Disorder 78
Bipolar II Disorder 79
Cyclothymic Disorder 79
Epidemiology and Consequences of Bipolar Disorders 80
Influences on Mood Disorders 81
Genetic Influences 81
Neural Regions Involved in Emotion and Reward
Processing 81
Cytokines 83
Circadian Rhythms and Sleep 84
Social Influences on Depression: Childhood Adversity, Life Events, and Interpersonal Difficulties 85
Psychological Influences on Depression 86
Putting It All Together: Integrating Biological and Social Influences on Depression 88
Social and Psychological Influences on the Course of Bipolar Disorder 88
Treatment of Mood Disorders 90
Psychological Treatment of Depression 90
Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder 93
Biological Treatment of Mood Disorders 94
Suicide 96
Epidemiology of Suicide and Suicide Attempts 97
Risk Factors for Suicide 98
Preventing Suicide 99
Summary 102
5 Anxiety Disorders 104
Emotions of Anxiety and Fear 105
Clinical Descriptions of the Anxiety Disorders 106
Specific Phobias 107
Social Anxiety Disorder 108
Panic Disorder 110
Agoraphobia 111
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 111
Comorbidity in Anxiety Disorders 111
Gender and Cultural Influences on the Anxiety Disorders 113
Gender 113
Culture 113
Common Influences Across the Anxiety Disorders 114
Fear Conditioning 115
Genetic Vulnerability 116
Neurobiological Correlates: Brain Regions and Activity
of Neurotransmitters 117
Personality: Neuroticism and Behavioral Inhibition 118
Cognitive Influences 118
Influences on Specific Anxiety Disorders 121
Specific Phobias 121
Social Anxiety Disorder 121
Panic Disorder 123
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 125
Treatments of Anxiety Disorders 126
Psychological Treatments 126
Medications That Reduce Anxiety 129
Summary 129
6 Obsessive-Compulsive-Related and Trauma-Related Disorders 132
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 133
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 133
Body Dysmorphic Disorder 136
Hoarding Disorder 137
Prevalence and Comorbidity of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 139
Causes of the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 140
Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 140
Causes of Body Dysmorphic Disorder 141
Causes of Hoarding Disorder 142
Treatment of the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 143
Medications 143
Psychological Treatment 144
Clinical Description and Epidemiology of Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder 147
Causes of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 150
Nature of the Trauma: The Severity and Type of Trauma Matter 151
Neurobiology: The Hippocampus 151
Coping 152
Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 153
Medication Treatment 153
Psychological Treatment 154
Summary 156
7 Dissociative Disorders and
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 158
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of the Dissociative Disorders 159
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 160
Dissociative Amnesia 162
Dissociative Identity Disorder 163
The Epidemiology of Dissociative Disorders: Increases Over Time 164
Causes of Dissociative Disorders 165
Causes of Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 165
Causes of Dissociative Identity Disorder 166
Treatment of Dissociative Disorders 168
Clinical Description of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 168
Clinical Description of Somatic Symptom Disorder 170
Clinical Description of Illness Anxiety Disorder 171
Clinical Description of Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder 171
Causes of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 173
Neurobiological Factors That Increase Awareness of and Distress Over Somatic Symptoms 173
Cognitive Behavioral Factors That Increase Awareness of and Distress Over Somatic Symptoms 174
Causes of Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder 176
Treatment of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 177
Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness Anxiety Disorder 177
Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder 179
Summary 180
8 Schizophrenia 182
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Schizophrenia 183
Positive Symptoms 184
Negative Symptoms 185
Disorganized Symptoms 186
Other Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders 187
Causes of Schizophrenia 188
Genetic Influences 188
The Role of Neurotransmitters 192
Brain Structure and Function 193
Connectivity in the Brain 194
Environmental Factors Influencing the Developing Brain 195
Psychological Influences 196
Treatment of Schizophrenia 198
Medications 198
Psychological Treatments 201
Summary 205
9 Substance Use Disorders 207
Clinical Descriptions: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Cannabis Use Disorders 209
Alcohol Use Disorder 209
Tobacco Use Disorder 210
Cannabis Use Disorder 214
Clinical Descriptions: Opioid, Stimulant, and Other Drug Use Disorders 217
Opioids 217
Stimulants 220
Hallucinogens, Ecstasy, and PCP 222
Causes of Substance Use Disorders 224
Genetic Influences 225
Neurobiological Influences 225
Psychological Influences 227
Sociocultural Influences 229
Treatment of Substance Use Disorders 230
Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder 231
Treatments for Smoking 233
Treatment of Drug Use Disorders 234
Summary 238
10 Eating Disorders 240
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Eating Disorders 241
Anorexia Nervosa 241
Bulimia Nervosa 244
Binge Eating Disorder 246
Causes of Eating Disorders 250
Genetic Influences 250
Neurobiological Influences 251
Cognitive Behavioral and Emotion Influences 252
Sociocultural Influences 254
Treatment of Eating Disorders 258
Medications 258
Psychological Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa 258
Psychological Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa 259
Psychological Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder 260
Preventive Interventions for Eating Disorders 261
Summary 262
11 Sexual Disorders 263
Clinical Descriptions of Sexual Dysfunctions 264
Disorders Involving Sexual Interest, Desire, and Arousal 265
Orgasmic Disorders 267
Sexual Pain Disorder 269
Causes of Sexual Dysfunctions 270
Biological Influences 270
Psychosocial Influences 271
Putting It All Together: Integrating Biological and Psychosocial Influences on Sexual
Dysfunction 272
Treatments of Sexual Dysfunctions 272
Psychoeducation 273
Couples Therapy 273
Cognitive Interventions 274
Sensate Focus 274
Treatments for Specific Sexual Dysfunctions 274
Clinical Descriptions of the Paraphilic Disorders 276
Pedophilic Disorder 277
Voyeuristic Disorder 278
Exhibitionistic Disorder 279
Frotteuristic Disorder 279
Sexual Sadism and Masochism Disorders 279
Causes of the Paraphilic Disorders 280
Neurobiological Influences 281
Childhood Sexual Abuse 281
Psychological Influences 281
Treatment of the Paraphilic Disorders 282
Strategies to Enhance Motivation 282
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment 283
Biological Treatments 283
Summary 284
12 Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders 286
Classification and Diagnosis of Childhood Disorders 287
Externalizing Disorders: ADHD and Conduct Disorder 288
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 288
Conduct Disorder 293
Internalizing Disorders: Depression and Anxiety Disorders 299
Depression 299
Anxiety 304
Autism Spectrum Disorder 308
Clinical Descriptions, Prevalence, and Prognosis of
Autism Spectrum Disorder 308
Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder 310
Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder 312
Dementia 314
Alzheimer's Disease 316
Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia 320
Vascular Dementia 321
Dementia with Lewy Bodies 321
Huntington's Disease 321
Treatments for Dementia 322
Delirium 324
Triggers of Delirium 326
Treatment of Delirium 326
Summary 327
13 Personality Disorders 329
The DSM-5-TR Approach to Classification 330
Problems with the DSM-5-TR Approach toPerso nality Disorders 333
Alternative DSM-5-TR Model for
Personality Disorders 334
Common Risk Factors Across the Personality
Disorders 335
Clinical Description and Causes of the Specific
Personality Disorders 336
Schizotypal Personality Disorder 336
Antisocial Personality Disorder and
Psychopathy 338
Borderline Personality Disorder 340
Narcissistic Personality Disorder 342
Avoidant Personality Disorder 345
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder 345
Treatment of Personality Disorders 348
Summary 350
14 Legal and Ethical Issues 352
Criminal Commitment 353
The Insanity Defense 353
Current Insanity Pleas 353
Competency to Stand Trial 355
Civil Commitment 358
Preventive Detention and Problems in the Prediction of Dangerousness 358
Protection of the Rights of People with Psychological Disorders 360
Ethical Dilemmas in Therapy and Research 363
Ethical Restraints on Research 364
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication 365
Summary 365
APPENDIX: DSM-5-TR DIAGNOSES A-1
GLOSSARY / REFERENCES / NAME INDEX /
SUBJECT INDEX
