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Unlocking the Hidden Potential of Cities from the Ground Down
With cities worldwide facing pressures from rapid urbanization, climate change, and land scarcity, underground space has become a vital resource for sustainable and resilient urban development. Underground Space: Use, Planning and Design provides a comprehensive framework for planners, engineers, architects, and policymakers to understand and apply underground solutions and updates a landmark reference work on the topic. Combining many decades of research, practice, and global examples, this book offers authoritative guidance on how underground space can contribute to the creation of livable, future-ready cities.
Written by a team of experts from around the globe, Underground Space offers:
An understanding of the many reasons why underground space is used and when to choose to build underground.
Broad coverage of underground uses, from transport and urban utilities to underground architectural applications.
Recent advances made in three-dimensional urban underground planning.
Updated design approaches and human-centered considerations for the exterior and interior design, layout, lighting, and safety of underground spaces.
In-depth exploration of sustainability, resilience, and adaptability issues.
Insights from several decades of hands-on experience with modern underground designs.
Underground Space: Use, Planning and Design is an essential, up-to-date reference on the subject for architects, planners, and engineers in public agencies, private sectors, and research institutions. It is also valuable for use in courses on architectural design, urban planning, underground infrastructure, and infrastructure provision.
Contents
LIST OF FIGURES 17 LIST OF TABLES 24
PREFACE 25
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 27
1 INTRODUCTION TO UNDERGROUND SPACE USE 29
1.1 The meaning and connotation of "underground"? 29
1.2 What has changed since the first edition? 30
1.3 Why use underground space? 31
1.4 Can we use underground space more effectively? 39
1.5 Underground space in culture and literature 43
1.6 The future of underground space development 44
1.7 Summary 48
1.8 Chapter 1 references 49
1.9 Bibliography of general books and information regarding underground space use and design 51
2 DECISION MAKING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACE 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Choosing to build underground 54
2.3 Common evaluation methodologies 73
2.4 Tricky questions for cost-benefit studies 77
2.5 Some typical construction and use comparisons 78
2.6 Chapter 2 references 82
3 SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE ISSUES 87
3.1 Sustainability and resilience issues 87
3.2 The role of underground space 90
3.3 Resilience and vulnerability of underground facilities 93
3.4 Life safety 98
3.5 Protection for defence facilities 101
3.6 Challenges and strategies for sustainable underground space development 104
3.7 Chapter 3 references 111
4 UNDERGROUND SPACE CLASSIFICATIONS AND CONFIGURATIONS 114
4.1 Introduction 114
4.2 Classification by function 115 4.3 Classification by geometry and scale 116
4.4 Other classifications/groupings 120
4.5 Typical configurations of underground openings 120
4.6 CONFIGURATIONS APPLIED TO URBAN DESIGN 131
4.7 Chapter 4 References 135
5 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT USE OF UNDERGROUND SPACE 136
5.1 INTRODUCTION 136
5.2 Underground Space Uses by Type 136
5.3 Discussion by geographical region 180
5.4 Chapter 5 References 189
6 PLANNING ISSUES FOR UNDERGROUND SPACE 196
6.1 Introduction 196
6.2 Key aspects of undeground space planning 197
6.3 The harmonious urban development of the surface and subsurface 213
6.4 Underground space development suitability and intensity 213
6.5 Legal issues and administrative controls 215
6.6 Other underground planning issues 218
6.7 Strategic and Master Planning 219
6.8 Chapter 6 references 220
7 URBAN UNDERGROUND SPACE PLANNING TOOLS AND CASE EXAMPLES 225
7.1 Evolution of Planning Efforts 225
7.2 Tools for integrated planning and development 229
7.3 Tools for three-dimensional spatial zoning of the underground 231
7.4 Tools for optimizing the multiple resource aspects of underground space 233
7.5 Criteria for delineating favorable and unfavorable underground zones 234
7.6 Vertical Control of Underground Space Development 237
7.7 Socio-economic factors in the development of underground space 238
7.8 Assessing the potential "value" of Underground Space Resources 241
7.9 Long-term Forecasting of Underground Space Development Demand 246
7.10 Summary of current analysis approaches 248
7.11 Chapter 7 references 248
8 PROJECT-RELATED PLANNING 252
8.1 Concept plan and requirements 252
8.2 Geo-planning 258
8.3 Implementation planning 260
8.4 Space planning and engineering considerations 266
8.5 Drainage and waterproofing 271
8.6 Considerations for maintenance and repair 278
8.7 Chapter 8 references 280
9 DESIGNING UNDERGROUND SPACES - TOWARDS A NEW PARADIGM 283
9.1 Introduction 283
9.2 Moving from underground "works" to underground urban planning 284
9.3 A change of paradigms 286
9.4 Evolving Thoughts on Underground Building Design 302
9.5 Chapter 9 References 307
10 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS IN UNDERGROUND SPACE 308
10.1 Introduction 308
10.2 First edition review (to 1993) 308
10.3 Research and experience in the past thirty years 318
10.4 Summary of issues 337
10.5 Chapter 10 references 341
11 EXTERIOR AND ENTRANCE DESIGN 347
11.1 Introduction 347
11.2 Exterior design issues and problems 347
11.3 Entrance design issues and problems 349
11.4 Summary of design objectives for exterior and entrance design 351
11.5 Design patterns: exterior and entrance design 352
11.6 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 365
11.7 Chapter 11 References 370
12 LAYOUT AND SPATIAL CONFIGURATION 371
12.1 Introduction 371
12.2 Design issues and problems 371
12.3 Design objectives for layout and spatial configuration 375
12.4 Design patterns: layout and spatial configuration 375
12.5 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 398
12.6 Chapter 12 References 402
13 INTERIOR DESIGN ELEMENTS AND SYSTEMS 404
13.1 Introduction 404
13.2 Design issues and problems 404
13.3 Design objectives for interior elements and systems 407
13.4 Design Patterns Related to Interior Elements and Systems 408
13.5 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 430
13.6 Chapter 13 References 433
14 LIGHTING 436
14.1 Introduction 436
14.2 Design issues and problems 436
14.3 Design objectives related to lighting 441
14.4 Design patterns related to lighting 441
14.5 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 455
14.6 Chapter 14 References 457
15 LIFE SAFETY 459
15.1 Introduction 459
15.2 Design issues and problems 459
15.3 Design objectives for life safety 463
15.4 Design patterns related to life safety 464
15.5 Additional considerations, caveats and lessons learned 480
15.6 Chapter 15 References 484
15.7 Short bibliography for recent standards and reports on underground fire and life safety 485
16 UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 487
16.1 Introduction 487
16.2 Development of tunneling technology in rock 488
16.3 Development of tunneling technology in soft ground 490
16.4 Development of basement, open-cut excavation and shaft-sinking Technologies 492
16.5 Development of utility installation, rehabilitation and management technologies 493
16.6 Development of mining and oil/gas recovery technologies 496
16.7 Summary 498
16.8 Chapter 16 References 499
17 MANAGING UNDERGROUND SPACE FACILITIES 501
17.1 Introduction 501
17.2 Evolution of asset management approaches 501
17.3 Asset management for underground facilities - General considerations 503
17.4 Asset management issues for specific underground facility types 506
17.5 Improving underground asset management 509
17.6 Summary 514
17.7 References 515
APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 517
APPENDIX B: EFFECT OF LAND COST ON CHOICE FOR UNDERGROUND SPACE USE 522
APPENDIX C: DATABASE FORMATS FOR CATALOGING UNDERGROUND SPACE USES 531
APPENDIX D: WORLDWIDE EXAMPLES OF UNDERGROUND SPACE USES 537
