Full Description
Key information on plant-based chemical and pharmacology research, from basics and principles through recent technological advances
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry provides an overview of the basics of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry from early principles through contemporary advances like molecular pharmacognosy. The book covers the classification of crude drugs, complementary and alternative medical (CAM) systems, adulteration and evaluation of drugs, extraction methods of plant drugs, and ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology.
The book also reviews the historical overview, therapeutic application, cultural and ecological dimensions of plant-based medicines. Other key chapters discuss biotechnology and clinical pharmacognosy.
Written by a group of expert contributors, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry reviews sample topics including:
Methodologies for extracting bioactive compounds and techniques to perform qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis
Therapeutic potential of plant secondary metabolites and the processes of isolation, purification, and characterization of herbal drugs
Biological screening methods and biosynthetic pathways of phytopharmaceuticals, pharmaceutical aids, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, pesticides, and allergens
Comparative phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, and the emerging field of marine pharmacognosy
Combining traditional knowledge with modern advancements to provide a holistic understanding of two important fields, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry serves as an excellent resource for students, researchers, and practitioners.
Contents
List of Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
1 Historical Overview of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 1
Mona M. Marzouk, Mai M. Farid, Rana M. Merghany, Shahira M. Ezzat
1.1 Introduction to Pharmacognosy 1
1.2 Historical Development of Pharmacognosy 1
1.3 Development of Pharmacognosy in the Modern Era 3
1.4 The Relevance of Pharmacognosy in Pharmacological Research on Herbal Medicinal Products 3
1.5 Taxonomy and Botanical Authenticity 3
1.6 Phytochemistry - An Expanded Role in Traditional Medicine (History and Progress in Drug Discovery) 6
1.7 Recent Progress in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7
1.8 Conclusion 14
References 14
2 Classification of Crude Drugs of Natural Origin 17
Vishal S. Bagul, Piyush S. Bafna, Deepak M. Patil, Rakesh E. Mutha
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Botanical Classification 18
2.3 Morphological Classification 19
2.4 Chemical Classification 21
2.5 Pharmacological Classification 23
2.6 Taxonomical Classification 25
2.7 Chemotaxonomical Classification 25
2.8 Geographical Classification 26
2.9 Traditional and Cultural Classification 28
2.10 Modern Analytical Techniques in Classification 29
2.11 Challenges in Classification 32
2.12 Future Perspectives 33
2.13 Conclusion 35
References 37
3 Folk Medicine as a Source of Therapeutically Important Drugs: Evidence from Ethnobotanical Investigations 43
Moses Sam Arul Raj, Mohan Kalaskar, Shailendra Gurav, Muniappan Ayyanar
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Traditional Medical Systems 46
3.3 Importance of Ethnobotanical Research in Drug Discovery 48
3.4 Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants 49
3.5 Conclusions 59
Acknowledgments 59
References 59
4 Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Systems 67
Akshay M. Baheti, Arti G. Swami, Manasi R. Nimbalkar, Ranjit Nimbalkar, Anil T. Pawar
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Ayurveda System 67
4.3 Unani System 72
4.4 Siddha System 75
4.5 Homeopathy System 79
4.6 Conclusion 80
References 80
5 Cultivation, Collection, and Preparation of Plant Drugs 83
Mohan Kalaskar, Muniappan Ayyanar, Nilambari Gurav, Sanjay J. Surana
5.1 History 83
5.2 Cultivation 83
5.3 Factors Affecting Cultivation 85
5.4 Good Agricultural Practice 88
5.5 Good Collection Practices for Medicinal Plants 91
5.6 Processing of Medicinal Plants 92
5.7 Storage and Packaging 93
5.8 Sample Record for Cultivated Medicinal Plants 94
5.9 Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plant Produce in Indian Scenario 97
References 99
6 Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude Drugs of Natural Origin 101
Popat Mohite, Abhijeet Puri
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Adulteration of Herbal Drugs 102
6.3 Types of Adulteration 103
6.4 Adulteration in Medicinal Plants 106
6.5 Methods of Detection of Adulterants and Evaluation of Medicinal Herbs 107
6.6 Analytical Techniques in the Detection and Evaluation of Adulterants 111
6.7 Challenges in Detection of Adulterants 115
6.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 115
References 115
7 Methods of Extraction 121
Mohan Kalaskar, Santosh U. Yele, Muniappan Ayyanar, Nilambari Gurav, Vishal Beldar, Sanjay J. Surana
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 Ideal Properties of Solvent 122
7.3 Solvents for Extraction 123
7.4 Factor Affecting Extraction Methods 124
7.5 Mechanism of Extraction 124
7.6 Methods of Extraction 125
References 139
8 Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Phytochemical Analysis 143
Mughisha Nagori, Devyani Rajput, Gajendra Choudhary, Rakhi Khabiya
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Phytochemical Screening Through Chemical Test 144
8.3 Quantitative Methods of Phytochemical Analysis 150
8.4 Analytical Techniques In Phytochemical Analysis 156
8.5 Conclusion 159
References 160
9 Modern Analytical Techniques for Quality Control and Chemical Identification of Phytochemicals 167
Rakesh E. Mutha, Mohan Kalaskar, Zamir G. Khan
9.1 Introduction 167
9.3 Spectroscopic Techniques 175
9.4 Mass Spectrometry 179
9.5 Hyphenated Techniques 180
9.6 Chemometric Tools and Data Analysis 181
9.7 Advanced Technologies 182
9.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 182
9.9 Conclusion 183
References 184
10 Classification and Therapeutic Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites 189
Amna Javed, Muhammad Saad Hashmi, Uzma Javaid, Rahima Amjad
10.1 Introduction 189
10.2 Classification of PSMs 190
10.3 Biosynthetic Pathways 194
10.4 Environmental Factors Affecting PSMs 194
10.5 Genetic Factors Affecting PSMs 195
10.6 Role of Enzymes in Plant Secondary Metabolite Production 195
10.7 PSMs Therapeutic Applications 196
10.8 Safety and Toxicity Considerations 201
10.9 Standardization of Herbal Medicine Using PSMs 201
10.10 Conclusion 202
References 203
11 Isolation, Fractionation, and Purification of Natural Products 207
Rushikesh P. Said, Jineetkumar B. Gawad, Mohan Kalaskar, Nilambari Gurav, Vishal Gokul Beldar
11.1 Introduction 207
11.2 Extraction 208
11.3 Extraction Methods/ Technique 209
11.4 Fractionation Techniques 215
11.5 Purification 221
References 226
12 Pharmacological Screening of Drugs from Natural Sources 235
Jayesh D. Kadam, Adaeze L. Onugwu, Yogesh A. Kulkarni
12.1 Introduction 235
12.2 Pharmacological Approaches 235
12.3 Conclusion 252
References 252
13 Biosynthetic Pathways of Phytopharmaceuticals 255
Poonam Nilesh Chougule
13.1 Introduction 255
13.2 Introduction to Primary and Secondary Metabolites 256
13.3 General Metabolic/Synthetic Pathway Which Shows from CO2 to Different Primary and Secondary Metabolite Formation 259
13.4 Enzymes 260
13.5 Role of Enzymes in Biosynthetic Pathways 261
13.6 Other Structural Modifications 263
13.7 Shikimic Acid Pathway for Biosynthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids 265
13.8 Acetate Mevalonate Pathway for Biosynthesis of Terpenes 266
13.9 Biosynthesis of Aliphatic Amino Acids 268
13.10 Acetate Mevalonate Pathways for Biosynthesis of Fatty Acyl-CoA 269
References 271
14 Pharmaceutical Aids of Natural Origin 273
Santosh Yele, Ashwini Deshpande, Kanchan Salgar, Mohan Kalaskar
14.1 Introduction 273
14.2 Some Industrially Important Pharmaceutical Aids 275
14.3 Conclusion 284
References 285
15 Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals 297
Charulata T. Nemade, Nayana S. Baste, Manisha M. Bihani, Shilpa S. Raut
15.1 Introduction 297
15.2 Nutraceuticals 298
15.3 Cosmeceuticals 301
15.4 Synergies Between Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals 303
15.5 Regulatory Considerations 305
15.6 Future Trends and Innovations 308
15.7 Conclusion 311
References 311
16 Pesticides and Allergens 315
Shatabdi Ghose, Bedanta Bhattacharjee, Damanbhalang Rynjah, Damiki Laloo
16.1 Introduction 315
16.2 Natural Pesticide/Biopesticides and Natural Anti-Allergens: Source, Bioactive Substances and Applications 316
16.3 Pharmacological Mechanism and Toxicity Profile of Some Common Natural Pesticides and Anti-allergens 321
16.4 Global Market Surveillance of Biopesticides and Anti-allergens 323
16.5 Commercial Production and Formulations of Natural Pesticides and Anti-allergens 324
16.6 Regulatory Aspects for Quality Control of Pesticides and Anti-allergens 326
16.7 Future Prospects and Opportunities 327
Acknowledgments 328
Conflict of Interest 328
Funding 328
References 328
17 Comparative Phytochemistry and Chemotaxonomy 333
Prathamesh A. Marne, Anil T. Pawar, Amol A. Tagalpallewar, Akshay M. Baheti
17.1 Introduction 333
17.2 Chemotaxonomy 333
17.3 Chemical Markers in Chemotaxonomy 334
17.4 Methods in Chemotaxonomy 335
17.5 Phytochemical Approach in Chemotaxonomy 336
17.6 Limitations of Chemotaxonomy 342
17.7 Conclusion 342
References 342
18 Medicinal Plant Biotechnology 347
Anil T. Pawar, Amol A. Tagalpallewar, Manasi Mishra, Arti G. Swami, Akshay M. Baheti
18.1 Introduction 347
18.2 Plant Tissue Culture 347
18.3 Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) 362
18.4 Conclusion 366
References 366
19 Marine Pharmacognosy 371
Mamta Kumari, Piyushkumar Sadhu, Niyati Shah, Chitrali Talele
19.1 Introduction 371
19.2 Marine Ecosystems and Biodiversity 372
19.3 Bioactive Compounds from Marine Microorganisms 373
19.4 Marine Algae and Their Medicinal Potential 375
19.5 Marine Invertebrates and Its Bioactive 378
19.6 Extraction Process and Characterization Techniques 380
19.7 Pharmacological Activities of Marine-derived Compounds 382
19.8 Preclinical and Clinical Studies of Marine Microorganisms 385
19.9 Marketed Marine Drug Product 386
19.10 Future Prospects 388
19.11 Conclusion 388
References 389
20 Molecular Pharmacognosy 395
Piyushkumar Sadhu, Mamta Kumari, Ghanshyam Parmar, Chitrali Talele
20.1 Introduction 395
20.2 Molecular Biology Techniques in Pharmacognosy 396
20.3 Molecular Genetics and Genomics of Medicinal Plants 399
20.4 PTC of Medicinal Plants 404
20.5 Molecular Biosynthesis and Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants 407
20.6 Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology of Medicinal Plants 410
20.7 Mechanism of Action, Efficacy, and Toxicity of Plant-derived Drugs 412
20.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 413
References 413
21 Clinical Pharmacognosy 421
Jayesh D. Kadam, Sandip T. Auti
21.1 Introduction 421
21.2 Pharmacognosy 421
21.3 Clinical Pharmacognosy 423
21.4 Clinical Studies on Botanicals and Dietary Supplements 433
21.5 Clinical Pharmacokinetics 435
21.6 Phytoequivalence 436
21.7 Future Prospects of Clinical Pharmacognosy 437
21.8 Conclusion 437
References 437
Index 443
