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Geographic Information Science for Land Resource Management is a comprehensive book focusing on managing land resources using innovative techniques of spatial information sciences and satellite remote sensing. The enormous stress on the land resources over the years due to anthropogenic activities for commercialization and livelihood needs has increased manifold. The only solution to this problem lies in stakeholder awareness, which can only be attained through scientific means. The awareness is the basis of the sustainable development concept, which involves optimal management of natural resources, subject to the availability of reliable, accurate, and timely information from the global to local scales.
GIScience consists of satellite remote sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology that is nowadays a backbone of environmental protection, natural resource management, and sustainable development and planning. Being a powerful and proficient tool for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and managing natural resources can help understand the earth surface and its dynamics at different observational scales. Through the spatial understanding of land resources, policymakers can make prudent decisions to restore and conserve critically endangered resources, such as water bodies, lakes, rivers, air, forests, wildlife, biodiversity, etc.
This innovative new volume contains chapters from eminent researchers and experts. The primary focus of this book is to replenish the gap in the available literature on the subject by bringing the concepts, theories, and experiences of the specialists and professionals in this field jointly. The editors have worked hard to get the best literature in this field in a book form to help the students, researchers, and policymakers develop a complete understanding of the land system vulnerabilities and solutions.
Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 Climate Change in South Asia: Impact, Adaptation and the Role of GI Science 1
Anuj Kumar and Swami Prasad Saxena
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Climate Change 2
1.3 Climate Change Trends in South Asia 3
1.4 Climate Change Impact in South Asia 6
1.4.1 Climate Change Impact on Socio-Economy in South Asia 6
1.4.2 Climate Change Impact on Agriculture in South Asia 8
1.4.3 Impact of Climate Change in Water Resources in South Asia 8
1.4.4 Impact of Climate Change on Sea Level 10
1.4.5 Impact of Climate Change on Human Health 11
1.5 Climate Change Adaptation in South Asia and the Role of GI Science 13
1.6 Conclusion 15
References 15
2 Sustainable Land Resource Management Approach and Technological Interventions - Role of GI Science 19
Sandeep K. Pandey, Ritambhara K. Upadhyay, Chintan Pathak and Chandra Shekhar Dwivedi
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Land Resource Availability in India 21
2.3 Problems Associated with Land Resources 25
2.4 Important Interventions 25
2.5 Role of GI Science in Land Resource Management 27
References 29
3 GI Science for Assessing the Urban Growth and Sustainability in Agra City, India 33
Aruna Paarcha
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Database 36
3.3 Methodology 37
3.4 Study Area 39
3.5 Result and Discussion 40
3.5.1 Land Use and Land Cover Change of Agra City, 2001-2020 41
3.5.2 Growth in Registered Vehicles and Implications on the Sustainability 44
3.5.3 PM10 and Implications on the Sustainability 45
3.5.4 Municipal Solid Wastes and Implications on the Sustainability 47
3.5.5 Way Forward for Building Sustainable, Resilient, and Smart Agra City 48
3.6 Conclusion 49
References 49
4 The Use of GI Science in Detecting Anthropogenic Interaction in Protected Areas: A Case of the Takamanda National Park, South West Region, Cameroon 55
Takem-Mbi, B. M., Mbuh, J. M. and Lepatio-Tchieg, A. S.
4.1 Introduction 56
4.2 Context and Justification 57
4.3 Material and Data Sources 58
4.4 Results and Discussion 62
4.4.1 Agricultural Activities 62
4.4.2 Hunting 63
4.4.3 Livestock Rearing 65
4.4.4 The Exploitation of Wood in the TNP 67
4.4.5 Fishing Activities 68
4.4.6 Harvesting Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPS) 70
4.5 Conclusion 72
References 76
Contents vii
5 Urban Heat Island Effect Concept and Its Assessment Using Satellite-Based Remote Sensing Data 81
Zulaykha Khurshid Dijoo
5.1 Introduction 82
5.2 Classification of UHIs 84
5.2.1 Surface UHI 84
5.2.2 Atmospheric UHI 84
5.2.2.1 Canopy Layer UHI 84
5.2.2.2 Boundary Layer UHI 85
5.3 Chief Causes 85
5.3.1 Urbanisation 85
5.3.2 Urban Sprawl 86
5.3.3 Urban Geometry 87
5.3.4 Reduced Vegetation 87
5.3.5 Use of Engineered Materials 87
5.3.6 Changes in Energy Needs 88
5.3.7 Pavement Structure 88
5.4 Consequences of UHI Formation 88
5.5 Detection and Measurement Techniques 89
5.5.1 Thermal Remote Sensing 89
5.5.2 Small-Scale Models 89
5.5.3 Transect Studies 90
5.6 Mitigation Strategies 90
5.6.1 Enhancing Vegetative Cover 91
5.6.2 High Albedo Roofing Materials 91
5.6.3 High Albedo Pavements 91
5.6.4 Evaporative, Pourous and Water Retaining Pavements 91
5.6.5 Urban Planning 92
5.6.6 Wind, Water and Atmospheric Conditions 92
5.7 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Assessing UHI Effect 93
5.8 Conclusion 94
References 94
6 Remote Sensing for Snowpack Monitoring and Its Implications 99
Divyesh Varade, Surendar Manickam and Gulab Singh
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 Snowpack Characterization 100
6.2.1 Spectral Response of Snow 101
6.2.2 Dry/Wet Snow Characterization 102
6.2.3 Physical Properties Of Snow 102
6.3 Remote Sensing of Alpine Snow 104
6.4 Techniques for the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Snow 105
6.4.1 Qualitative Studies of the Snowpack 105
6.4.2 Quantitative Retrieval of Snow Properties 107
6.4.2.1 Determination of Snowpack Properties 107
6.4.2.2 Retrieval of Snow Depth and SWE 110
6.5 Implications and Potential Applications 111
6.6 Conclusion 112
References 113
7 Spectral Ratioing: A Computational Model for Quick Information Retrieval of Earth's Surface Dynamics 119
Ekta Baranwal and Shamshad Ahmad
7.1 Introduction 120
7.2 Image Enhancement Techniques for Remotely Sensed Images and Their Categorization 123
7.2.1 Radiometric Enhancement 126
7.2.2 Spatial Enhancement 127
7.2.3 Spectral Enhancement 128
7.2.4 Additional Methods of Image Enchancement 129
7.3 Spectral Ratioing 130
7.3.1 The General Methodology for Implementing Spectral Ratios 132
7.4 Spectral Ratio for Urban Extraction and Mapping 132
7.4.1 Some Spectral Index for Urban Extraction 134
7.5 Spatiotemporal Change in Urban Pattern Through Spectral Ratio 137
7.6 Conclusion 140
References 141
8 Delineation of Surface Water in Mining Dominated Region of Angul District of Odisha State, India Using Sentinel-2A Satellite Data 147
A. K. Gorai, Rahul Raj and A. K. Ranjan
8.1 Introduction 148
8.2 Study Area 149
8.3 Materials and Method 149
8.3.1 Data 149
8.3.2 Methods 150
8.3.2.1 Satellite Data Acquisition 151
8.3.2.2 Identification of Water-Bearing Pixels 152
8.3.2.3 Change Detection Analysis 152
8.4 Results and Discussion 152
8.5 Conclusions 156
Acknowledgements 157
References 157
9 Mapping Seasonal Variability and Spatio-Temporal Trends of Water Quality Parameters in Wular Lake (Kashmir Valley) 161
Tariq Ahmad Ganaie, Javaid Ahmad Tali, Mifta ul Shafiq, Harmeet Singh and Pervez Ahmed
9.1 Introduction 162
9.2 Study Area 164
9.3 Datasets and Methodology 164
9.3.1 Datasets 164
9.4 Methodology 167
9.4.1 Inverse Distance-Weighted Interpolation (IDW) 167
9.5 Mapping Spatial Variations in Water Quality Parameters (WQP'S) Using IDW Method in Wular Lake 168
9.5.1 Seasonal and Spatial Variability of WQPS in Wular Lake 168
9.6 Results and Discussion 168
9.6.1 Water Temperature (WT) 168
9.6.2 pH 175
9.6.3 Turbidity 175
9.6.4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 175
9.6.5 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 176
9.6.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 176
9.6.7 Calcium (Ca2+) 177
9.6.8 Magnesium (Mg2+) 178
9.6.9 Total Hardness (TH) 178
9.6.10 Total Alkalinity 180
9.6.11 Nitrates (NO3-) 180
9.6.12 Total Phosphate 181
9.7 Temporal Variations in Water Quality Parameters of Wular Lake (1992-2015) 181
9.8 Conclusion 183
Acknowledgement 185
References 185
10 Water Quality Zoning Using GIS & Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Tehsil Matta District Swat Pakistan 191
Abid Sarwar, Uzair Ahmed, Fazli Amin Khalil, Shazia Gulzar and Nadia Qayum
10.1 Introduction 192
10.2 Martials and Methods 193
10.2.1 Study Area 193
10.2.2 Methodology 193
10.3 Results and Discussion 195
10.3.1 pH 195
10.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen 195
10.3.3 Electrical Conductivity 197
10.3.4 Salinity 197
10.3.5 Chemical Parameters 200
10.3.6 Alkalinity 200
10.3.7 Total Dissolved Solids 200
10.3.8 Chloride 201
10.3.9 Sulphate 201
10.3.10 Biological Oxygen Demand 202
10.3.11 Final Water Quality Zones Map 202
10.4 Conclusion 205
References 206
11 Assessing the Impacts of Global Sea Level Rise (SLR) on the Mangrove Forests of Indian Sundarbans Using Geospatial Technology 209
Ismail Mondal, Sandeep Thakur, Phanibhusan Ghosh and Tarun Kumar De
11.1 Introduction 210
11.2 Materials and Methods 211
11.2.1 Data Methodology 211
11.2.2 Location and General Boundaries 211
11.3 Results and Discussions 213
11.3.1 Sundarban Sea Level Rise Scenario 213
11.3.2 Salinity Increase and Effect on Mangrove Forest 213
11.3.3 Mangrove Degradation of Sundarban 217
11.4 Conclusion and Restoration of the Delta 219
11.4.1 Mangrove Resilience Factors That Inform Site Selection of Sundarban 221
11.4.2 Various Factors That Would Allow for the Landward Migration 221
11.4.3 Various Issues That Highlighted Survival Over Time 222
11.4.4 Various Factors That Highlighted Strong Retrieval Potential 222
11.5 Acknowledgements 223
References 223
12 Sustainable Water Resource Management Using Watershed Morphometry-A Case Study of Giri River Catchment, Himachal Pradesh, India 229
C Prakasam, Aravinth, R., Varinder S Kanwar and B. Nagarajan
12.1 Introduction 230
12.2 Study Area 231
12.3 Datasets and Research Method 233
12.4 Results and Discussion 234
12.4.1 Morphometry of Linear Parameters 234
12.4.2 Morphometry of Relief Parameters 240
12.4.3 Morphometry of Aerial Parameters 242
12.5 Conclusion 247
References 247
13 Improving the Procedure for River Flow Measurement and Mapping: Case Study River Plitvica, Croatia 251
Bojan Đurin, Lucija Plantak, Nikola Kranjčić, Petra Bigor and Damira Keček
13.1 Introduction 252
13.2 Study Area 252
13.3 Data Sets and Methodology 252
13.3.1 Data Sets 252
13.4 Methodology 255
13.5 Results and Discussion 257
13.6 Conclusion 259
Acknowledgement 260
References 260
14 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Forest Degradation in South Chotanagpur Divison of India 261
Jyotsna Roseline Ekka, Debjani Roy and Kirti Avishek
14.1 Introduction 262
14.2 Forest Cover Dynamics In Study Area 264
14.3 District-Wise Forest And Population Dynamics 265
14.4 NDVI Analysis 272
14.5 Driving Forces of Forest Cover Change 273
14.6 Conclusion 277
References 277
15 Forest Fire Risk Assessment Using GIS Science - A Case Study of South India 283
G. Godson, O. Mohammed Faizan and S. Sanjeevi
15.1 Introduction 284
15.2 Study Area 286
15.3 Datasets Used 286
15.4 Factors Responsible for Forest Fire Over the Study Area 286
15.4.1 Vegetation Type and Tree Species 286
15.4.2 Climate 287
15.4.3 Topography 287
15.4.4 Road Networks 287
15.5 Methodology 288
15.6 Parameters Incorporated in the Study 288
15.7 Weighted Overlay Analysis in ArcGIS 290
15.7.1 Selecting an Evaluation Scale 290
15.7.2 Adding the Input Raster 290
15.7.3 Setting Scale Values 290
15.7.4 Assigning Weights to Input Raster 290
15.7.5 Finally Running the Weighted Overlay Tool in ArcGIS 291
15.8 NDVI 291
15.9 Results and Discussion 293
References 297
16 GI Science for Land Use Suitability Analysis in the Himalayas - A Case Study of Himachal Pradesh, India 301
C. Prakasam, Saravanan R, Varinder S Kanwar, M.K. Sharma and Monika Sharma
16.1 Introduction 302
16.2 Study Area 304
16.3 Materials and Methods 304
16.4 Results and Discussion 309
16.5 Conclusion 313
Acknowledgment 313
References 314
17 Using Remote Sensing Data and Geospatial Techniques for Watershed Delineation and Morphometric Analysis of Beas Upper Catchment, India 319
Monika, Yogender Kumar, Sagar S. Salunkhe, Mehtab Singh and H.Govil
17.1 Introduction 320
17.2 Study Area 320
17.3 Methodology 322
17.4 Result and Discussion 325
17.4.1 Watershed Delineation and Boundary Comparison 325
17.4.2 Slope Comparison 326
17.4.3 Aspect Comparison 327
17.4.4 Morphometric Parameters 328
17.4.4.1 Linear Aspect 328
17.4.4.2 Stream Number (Nu) 328
17.4.4.3 Stream Order (U) 328
17.4.4.4 Aerial Aspects 330
17.4.4.5 Relief Aspects 331
17.5 Conclusions 333
Acknowledgement 334
References 334
18 Sub-Watershed Prioritization for Soil and Water Conservation - A Case Study of Lower Wardha River, Maharashtra, India, Using GI Science 337
B.S. Manjare and Vineesha Singh
18.1 Introduction 338
18.2 Study Area 340
18.3 Data and Method 340
18.3.1 Data Set 340
18.3.2 Methodology 341
18.4 Morphometry of Lower Wardha 342
18.5 Results and Discussion 342
18.5.1 Slope Analysis 345
18.5.2 Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds 349
18.5.2.1 Based on Morphometric Analysis 349
18.5.2.2 Prioritization Methodology 350
18.6 Conclusions 351
References 354
19 Understanding Hydrologic Response Using Basin Morphometry in Pohru Watershed, NW Himalaya 359
Abaas Ahmad Mir, Pervez Ahmed and Umair Ali
19.1 Introduction 360
19.2 Study Area 361
19.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology 361
19.3 Materials and Method 364
19.4 Results and Discussion 364
19.4.1 Drainage System 364
19.4.2 Morphometric Analysis 365
19.5 Conclusion 368
References 368
20 Sintacs Method for Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability: A Case of Ahmedabad, India 373
Mona Khakhar, Jayesh P. Ruparelia and Anjana Vyas
20.1 Introduction 374
20.2 Background 375
20.3 Study Area 377
20.4 Data Sets and Methodology 378
20.4.1 Data Sets 378
20.4.2 Methodology 379
20.5 Results and Discussion 382
20.5.1 Depth to Water Table 382
20.5.2 Effective Infiltration/Net Recharge 384
20.5.3 Aquifer Media 384
20.5.4 Soil Media 385
20.5.5 Topographic Slope 386
20.5.6 Vadose Zone 386
20.5.7 Hydraulic Conductivity 386
20.5.8 Derivation of Vulnerability Index 386
20.5.9 Appropriate Method for the Study Area 388
20.5.10 Temporal Changes in Intrinsic Vulnerability 389
20.5.11 State of Contaminants and Land Use 390
20.5.12 Land Use and Groundwater Vulnerability 396
20.6 Conclusion 401
References 401
Index 407
