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CLOUD COMPUTING SOLUTIONS The main purpose of this book is to include all the cloud-related technologies in a single platform, so that researchers, academicians, postgraduate students, and those in the industry can easily understand the cloud-based ecosystems.
This book discusses the evolution of cloud computing through grid computing and cluster computing. It will help researchers and practitioners to understand grid and distributed computing cloud infrastructure, virtual machines, virtualization, live migration, scheduling techniques, auditing concept, security and privacy, business models, and case studies through the state-of-the-art cloud computing countermeasures.
This book covers the spectrum of cloud computing-related technologies and the wide-ranging contents will differentiate this book from others. The topics treated in the book include:
The evolution of cloud computing from grid computing, cluster computing, and distributed systems;
Covers cloud computing and virtualization environments;
Discusses live migration, database, auditing, and applications as part of the materials related to cloud computing;
Provides concepts of cloud storage, cloud strategy planning, and management, cloud security, and privacy issues;
Explains complex concepts clearly and covers information for advanced users and beginners.
Audience
The primary audience for the book includes IT, computer science specialists, researchers, graduate students, designers, experts, and engineers who are occupied with research.
Contents
List of Figures xvii
List of Tables xix
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Acronyms xxvii
Part I: Cloud Computing Architecture 1
1 Basics of Cloud Computing 3
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
1.1 Evolution of Cloud Computing 4
1.2 Cluster Computing 7
1.2.1 The Architecture of Cluster Computing Environment 7
1.2.2 Components of Computer Cluster 8
1.3 Grid Computing 9
1.3.1 Grid-Related Technologies 10
1.3.2 Levels of Deployment 11
1.3.3 Architecture of Grid Computing Environment 13
1.4 Mobile Computing 16
1.4.1 Characteristics of Mobile Computing 17
1.4.2 Characteristics of Mobile Networks 17
1.5 Summary 18
Exercises 18
References 19
2 Introduction to Cloud Computing 21
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
2.1 Definition of Cloud Computing 22
2.2 Characteristics of Cloud 22
2.2.1 Elasticity and Scalability 23
2.2.2 Metered and Billing of Service 23
2.2.3 Self-Service Allocation of Resources 23
2.2.4 Application Programming Interface (APIs) 24
2.2.5 Efficiency Measurement Service 24
2.2.6 Device and Location Interdependency 24
2.2.7 Customization 24
2.2.8 Security 25
2.3 Cloud Computing Environment 25
2.3.1 Access to Supporting Business Agility 25
2.3.2 Minimizing Investment Expenditures 25
2.3.3 Public Cloud Computing Environment 25
2.3.4 Private Cloud Computing Environment 26
2.3.5 Hybrid Cloud Computing Environment 27
2.3.6 Community Cloud Computing Environment 27
2.4 Cloud Services 28
2.4.1 Resources as a Service (RaaS) 28
2.4.2 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 28
2.4.3 Platform as a Service (PaaS) 29
2.4.4 Software as a Service (SaaS) 30
2.4.5 Network as a Service (NaaS) 31
2.4.6 Desktop as a Service (DaaS/VDI) 32
2.4.7 Recovery as a Service (DRaaS) 32
2.5 Security Paradigms and Issues of Cloud Computing 32
2.6 Major Cloud Service Providers 33
2.6.1 IaaS CSPs 33
2.6.2 PaaS CSPs 35
2.6.3 SaaS CSPs 35
2.7 Summary 35
Exercises 36
References 37
3 Architectural Framework for Cloud Computing 39
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
3.1 Challenges of Cloud Computing Environment 40
3.2 Architectural Framework for Cloud Computing 41
3.2.1 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) 41
3.2.2 SOA Characterization 42
3.2.3 Life Cycle of Services in SOA 43
3.2.4 Integrating SOA and the Cloud 45
3.2.5 Cloud Architecture 46
3.3 Architectural Workflow and Co-ordination of Multiple Activities 49
3.3.1 Characteristics of Workflow 50
3.3.2 Need for Workflow 50
3.4 Examples of Workflow Tools 52
3.5 Summary 53
Exercises 53
References 54
4 Virtualization Environment in Cloud Computing 57
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
4.1 Introduction 58
4.1.1 Need of Virtualization in Cloud Computing Environment 58
4.1.2 Virtualization versus Traditional Approach 58
4.2 Virtualization and Virtual Machine 59
4.2.1 Advantages of Virtualization Technique in Cloud Computing Environment 60
4.2.2 Category of Virtual Machine 61
4.3 Virtualization Model for Cloud Computing 64
4.3.1 Distributed Resources of Physical Hosts 65
4.3.2 Hypervisor Monitoring Environment (HME) 65
4.3.3 Platform Service 66
4.3.4 Software Service 66
4.3.5 Broker Service 67
4.3.6 Business Service 67
4.4 Categorization of Guest OS Virtualization Techniques 68
4.4.1 Full Virtualization 68
4.4.2 Paravirtualization 69
4.4.3 Hardware-Assisted Virtualization 70
4.5 Mapping Technique of Virtual Machine to Physical Machine in a Private Cloud 71
4.6 Drawbacks of Virtualization 72
4.7 Summary 73
Exercises 74
References 75
5 Classification of Virtualization Environment 77
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
5.1 Introduction 78
5.2 Classification 78
5.2.1 Scheduling-Based Environment 79
5.2.2 Load Distribution-Based Environment 80
5.2.3 Energy-Aware-Based Environment 81
5.2.4 Operational-Based Environment 82
5.2.5 Distribution Pattern-Based Environment 85
5.2.6 Transaction-Based Environment 86
5.3 Summary 87
Exercises 87
References 88
Part II: Cloud Computing Data Storage 91
6 An Approach to Live Migration of Virtual Machines in Cloud Computing Environment 93
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
6.1 Introduction 94
6.2 Need of Live Migration of Virtual Machine 94
6.3 Advantages of Live Migration 94
6.4 A Design Approach to Live Migration 95
6.4.1 Live Migration Process 97
6.5 Security Issues 99
6.5.1 Possible Attacks 99
6.5.2 Solutions 100
6.6 Summary 100
Exercises 100
References 101
7 Reliability Issues in Cloud Computing Environment 103
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
7.1 Introduction 104
7.1.1 Research Problem Statement 105
7.1.2 Research Aim 105
7.1.3 Research Question 105
7.2 Literature Review 106
7.2.1 Cloud Service Models 107
7.2.2 Elements of Reliable Cloud Computing 108
7.2.3 Cloud Computing Gaps and Concerns 109
7.2.4 Trends in Cloud Computing 110
7.3 Reliability Issues in Cloud Computing Research 111
7.3.1 Research Methodology 111
7.3.2 Research Strategy 111
7.3.3 Data Collection 112
7.3.4 Sampling 112
7.3.5 Data Analysis and Findings 112
7.4 Findings 114
7.4.1 Lack of Effort to Address Reliability and Availability Issues 114
7.4.2 Performance Issues 115
7.4.3 Privacy Issues 115
7.5 Summary 115
Exercises 116
References 116
8 Cloud Database 123
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
8.1 Introduction 124
8.2 Non-Relational Data Models 124
8.2.1 Transactions in Cloud Databases 125
8.2.2 Advantages of Cloud Database 125
8.3 Heterogeneous Databases in DaaS 126
8.3.1 Relational and Non-Relational Database 126
8.3.2 Centralized and Distributed Database 126
8.3.3 Structured and Unstructured Database 127
8.3.4 Infrastructure-Based and Infrastructureless Databases 127
8.3.5 SQL-Based and NoSQL-Based Databases 128
8.4 Study of a Document-Oriented Cloud Database - MongoDB 129
8.4.1 Data Model 129
8.4.2 Replication 129
8.4.3 Sharding 130
8.4.4 Architecture 131
8.4.5 Consistency 132
8.4.6 Failure Handling 132
8.5 CAP Theorem for Cloud Database Transaction 132
8.6 Issues in Live Migration of Databases in Cloud 133
8.7 Cloud Database Classification Based on Transaction Processing 134
8.7.1 ACID-Based Cloud Database 134
8.7.2 NoACID-Based Cloud Database 135
8.8 Commercially Available Cloud Database Platform 136
8.8.1 Amazon Web Services 137
8.8.2 Microsoft Windows Azure 138
8.8.3 Google App Engine 138
8.9 Summary 138
Exercises 138
References 140
9 Cloud-Based Data Storage 143
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
9.1 Relevant Hadoop Tools 144
9.2 Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) 145
9.2.1 HDFS Architecture 145
9.2.2 Data Read Process in HDFS 146
9.2.3 Data Write Process in HDFS 147
9.2.4 Authority Management of HDFS 148
9.2.5 Limitations of HDFS 148
9.3 Data Mining Challenges with Big Data 149
9.4 MapReduce 151
9.4.1 MapReduce Architecture 151
9.4.2 MapReduce Procedure 152
9.4.3 Limitations of MapReduce 153
9.5 Next Generation of MapReduce: YARN 154
9.5.1 YARN Compared to MapReduce 1.0 (MRv1) 155
9.5.2 YARN and MapReduce 2.0 (MRv2) 156
9.5.3 YARN Architecture 156
9.5.4 Advantages of YARN 159
9.6 Classification of Data Mining Systems 160
9.6.1 Classification According to Kind of Databases Mined 160
9.6.2 Classification According to Kind of Knowledge Mined 160
9.6.3 Classification According to Kind of Techniques Utilized 161
9.6.4 Classification According to the Applications Adapted 161
9.7 Summary 162
Exercises 162
References 163
10 Auditing Concept in Cloud Computing 165
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
10.1 Introduction 166
10.2 Data Security in Cloud Computing Environment 166
10.2.1 Characteristics of a Secure Cloud Computing Environment 166
10.2.2 Need for Auditing in Cloud Computing Environment 167
10.2.3 Auditing Background Within Third-Party Service Provider 167
10.3 Cloud Auditing Outsourcing Life Cycle Phases 167
10.4 Auditing Classification 168
10.5 Auditing Service 169
10.5.1 How Third-Party Service Provider is Enabling Auditing Service 171
10.5.2 Auditing Process Analysis 171
10.5.3 Privacy and Integrity 174
10.5.4 Cloud-Auditing Architecture Analysis 176
10.6 Summary 177
Exercises 178
References 178
Part III: Cloud Computing Implementation, Security and Applications 181
11 Security Paradigms in Cloud Computing 183
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal
11.1 Security Paradigms and Issues 184
11.2 Cloud Security Challenges 185
11.3 Cloud Economics 187
11.4 Security of Big Data in Cloud 187
11.4.1 The Biggest Risk: Data Breach 188
11.4.2 Data Loss 188
11.4.3 Account or Service Traffic Hijacking 189
11.4.4 Insecure Interfaces and APIs 189
11.4.5 Denial of Service 190
11.4.6 Malicious Insiders 190
11.4.7 Abuse of Cloud Users 190
11.4.8 Inadequate Due Diligence 191
11.4.9 Vulnerabilities in Shared Technology 191
11.5 Security as a Service in Cloud 191
11.6 Summary 194
Exercises 194
References 195
12 Privacy Preservation Issues in Cloud Computing 197
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal
12.1 Privacy Issues in Cloud Storage 198
12.1.1 Encryption Methods 198
12.1.2 Access Control Mechanisms 199
12.1.3 Query Integrity/Keyword Searches 200
12.1.4 Auditability Schemes 200
12.2 Privacy and Security 201
12.2.1 Performance Unpredictability, Latency and Reliability 202
12.2.2 Portability and Interoperability 203
12.2.3 Data Breach Through Fiber-Optic Networks 204
12.2.4 Data Storage over IP Networks 204
12.2.5 Data Storage and Security in Cloud 205
12.3 Threats to Security in Cloud Computing 208
12.3.1 Basic Security 208
12.3.2 Network-Level Security 209
12.3.3 Application-Level Security 211
12.4 Security Issues in Cloud Deployment Models 215
12.4.1 Security Issues in a Public Cloud 215
12.4.2 Security Issues in a Private Cloud 216
12.5 Ensuring Security Against Various Types of Attacks 217
12.6 Survey of Privacy Preservation Using Fuzzy Set and Genetic Algorithm 219
12.6.1 Fuzzy-Based Approach for Privacy-Preserving Publication of Data 219
12.6.2 Privacy-Preserving Fuzzy Association Rules Hiding in Quantitative Data 220
12.6.3 A Rough Computing-Based Performance Evaluation Approach for Educational Institutions 222
12.6.4 A New Method for Preserving Privacy in Quantitative Association Rules Using Genetic Algorithm 223
12.6.5 Privacy Preserving in Association Rules Using a Genetic Algorithm 224
12.7 Summary 225
Exercises 225
References 226
13 Applications of Wireless Sensor Network in Cloud 233
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal
13.1 Introduction 234
13.2 Architectural Issues of Combining Cloud Computing and Wireless Sensor Networks 234
13.3 Sensor Network Overview 235
13.3.1 Terminology 235
13.3.2 Routing Protocols in WSNs 236
13.4 Application Scenarios 237
13.4.1 Military Use 237
13.4.2 Weather Forecasting 237
13.4.3 Healthcare 238
13.4.4 Transport Monitoring 238
13.5 Summary 238
Exercises 239
References 239
14 Applications of Mobile Cloud Computing 243
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal
14.1 What is Mobile Cloud Computing? 244
14.2 The Architecture of Mobile Cloud Computing 245
14.3 Characteristics of Mobile Cloud Computing 245
14.4 Advantages of Mobile Cloud Computing 246
14.5 Mobile Cloud Applications 248
14.5.1 Mobile Commerce 248
14.5.2 Mobile Learning 249
14.5.3 Mobile Healthcare 249
14.5.4 Mobile Gaming 250
14.5.5 Mobile Social Network 251
14.5.6 Multimedia Sharing 252
14.6 Summary 252
Exercises 252
References 253
15 Big Data in Cloud Computing 257
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal
15.1 Introduction to Big Data 258
15.2 Big Data vs. Cloud Computing 259
15.3 Big Data and the Cloud 261
15.4 Cloud Computing to Support Big Data 262
15.4.1 Cloud Storage for Big Data Storage 262
15.4.2 Cloud Computing for Big Data Processing 262
15.4.3 Cloud Computing for Big Data Analytics 263
15.4.4 Cloud Computing for Big Data Sharing and Remote Collaboration 263
15.5 Opportunities and Challenges 263
15.5.1 Pros of Putting Big Data in the Cloud 263
15.5.2 Potential Challenges of Big Data in the Cloud 264
15.6 Summary 265
Exercises 265
References 266
Part IV: Cloud Computing Simulator Tools 269
16 CloudSim: A Simulator for Cloud Computing Environment 271
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
16.1 Introduction 272
16.2 Main Features 272
16.3 CloudSim Architecture 273
16.3.1 Modeling the Cloud 274
16.3.2 Modeling the VM Allocation 275
16.3.3 Modeling the Cloud Market 276
16.3.4 Modeling the Network Behavior 276
16.3.5 Modeling a Federation of Clouds 276
16.3.6 Modeling Dynamic Workloads 277
16.3.7 Modeling Data Center Power Consumption 278
16.3.8 Modeling Dynamic Entities Creation 278
16.4 Design and Implementation of CloudSim 279
16.5 Setting up Development Environments 282
16.6 How to Use CloudSim with Eclipse 282
References 285
17 OpenFaaS 287
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal
17.1 Introduction 288
17.2 OpenFaaS Architecture 288
17.3 OpenFaaS Installation 289
17.3.1 Development Environment with Docker Swarm 290
17.3.2 Multi-Node Cluster with Docker Swarm 291
17.3.3 Production Environment with Kubernetes 293
17.3.4 Installing OpenFaaS Using Helm 297
17.3.5 Install OpenShift 298
17.4 Considerations 300
17.5 Operation of OpenFaaS 300
17.5.1 Setup and Configuration of the Open FaaS Command Line Tool 300
17.5.2 OpenFaaS Store 301
17.5.3 Management and Usage of Functions 301
17.5.4 Development of Functions 302
17.5.5 Working with Docker Registries 302
17.5.6 Web UI 303
References 303
18 OpenNebula 305
Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal
18.1 Project Goal and Environment 306
18.2 Set Up Masternode with Frontend 306
18.2.1 Install Components 306
18.2.2 Starting the Frontend 306
18.3 Set Up Worker Node with KVM 307
18.3.1 Install Components 307
18.3.2 Establish an SSH Communication Pipeline between Master and Worker 308
18.3.3 Network Configuration 308
18.4 Register Worker Node 308
18.5 Deploy VM 309
References 311
19 OpenStack 313
Dac-Nhuong Le, Souvik Pal, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
19.1 OpenStack 314
19.2 Terminologies in OpenStack 314
19.3 OpenStack Architecture 315
19.3.1 Compute (Nova) 316
19.3.2 Networking (Neuron) 316
19.3.3 Image 316
19.3.4 Object Storage (Swift) 316
19.3.5 Block Storage (Cinder) 316
19.4 Logical Architecture 317
19.5 OpenStack Installation Guide 318
19.5.1 Hardware Requirements 318
19.5.2 Networking Requirements 319
19.6 OpenStack Work 321
References 322
20 Eucalyptus 325
Souvik Pal, Dac-Nhuong Le, Prasant Kumar Pattnaik
20.1 Introduction to Eucalyptus 326
20.1.1 Eucalyptus Overview 326
20.1.2 Eucalyptus Architecture 326
20.1.3 Eucalyptus Components 327
20.2 Eucalyptus Installation 328
20.2.1 System Requirements 329
20.2.2 Services Placement 330
20.2.3 Eucalyptus Features 331
20.2.4 Networking Modes 332
20.2.5 Install Repositories 332
20.3 Configure Eucalyptus 335
20.4 Amazon Web Services Compatibility 337
References 337
Glossary 339
Authors 365
