Full Description
This handbook covers the entire field of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), a unique method that allows the non-invasive identification, quantification and spatial mapping of metabolites in living organisms-including animal models and patients.
Comprised of three parts:
Methodology covers basic MRS theory, methodology for acquiring, quantifying spectra, and spatially localizing spectra, and equipment essentials, as well as vital ancillary issues such as motion suppression and physiological monitoring.
Applications focuses on MRS applications, both in animal models of disease and in human studies of normal physiology and disease, including cancer, neurological disease, cardiac and muscle metabolism, and obesity.
Reference includes useful appendices and look up tables of relative MRS signal-to-noise ratios, typical tissue concentrations, structures of common metabolites, and useful formulae.
About eMagRes Handbooks
eMagRes (formerly the Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance) publishes a wide range of online articles on all aspects of magnetic resonance in physics, chemistry, biology and medicine. The existence of this large number of articles, written by experts in various fields, is enabling the publication of a series of eMagRes Handbooks on specific areas of NMR and MRI. The chapters of each of these handbooks will comprise a carefully chosen selection of eMagRes articles. In consultation with the eMagRes Editorial Board, the eMagRes Handbooks are coherently planned in advance by specially-selected Editors, and new articles are written to give appropriate complete coverage. The handbooks are intended to be of value and interest to research students, postdoctoral fellows and other researchers learning about the scientific area in question and undertaking relevant experiments, whether in academia or industry.
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Contents
Contributors xv
Series Preface xxv
Preface xxvii
Abbreviations and Acronyms xxix
Part A: Methodology 1
Basics 3
1 Basics of NMR
Paul A. Bottomley 5
2 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Instrumentation
David Hoult 29
3 Detection Coils for MRS
J. Thomas Vaughan, Russell Lagore, and Jinfeng Tian 47
4 APracticalGuidetoInVivoMRS
Dominick J.O. McIntyre 65
Localization 75
5 Adiabatic Excitation Pulses for MRS
Robin A. de Graaf 77
6 Localized MRS Employing Radiofrequency Field (B 1)Gradients
Michael Garwood 91
7 Single Voxel MRS
Geoffrey S. Payne 107
8 Chemical Shift Imaging with Phase and Sensitivity Encoding
Michael Schär, Bernhard Strasser, and Ulrike Dydak 121
9 Encoding and Decoding with Prior Knowledge: From SLIM to SPICE
Chao Ma, Fan Lam, and Zhi-Pei Liang 141
10 Accurate Localized Spectroscopy from Anatomically Matched Regions with Optimal Spatial Response Function
Markus von Kienlin 151
11 Accelerated Spatially-Encoded MRS of Arbitrarily-Shaped Compartments Using Linear Algebraic Modeling
Paul A. Bottomley and Yi Zhang 163
12 High-Speed Spatial-Spectral Encoding with Echo-Planar and Spiral Spectroscopic Imaging
Stefan Posse and Xiaoping Hu 185
13 Direct Water-Fat Imaging Methods: Chemical Shift-Selective and Chemical Shift-Encoded MRI
Houchun Harry Hu and Diego Hernando 203
Physiological Monitoring 223
14 Physiological Maintenance in Animal Experiments
Davina J. Honess 225
15 Physiological Maintenance in MRI and MRS of Large Animals
Rebecca A. Krimins and Dara L. Kraitchman 235
16 Physiological Monitoring in Human MRS
Virginia Newcombe and David Menon 249
17 Physiologic Motion: Dealing with Cardiac, Respiratory, and Other Sporadic Motion in MRS
Michael Schär 263
Data Analysis 275
18 Quantifying Spectra in the Frequency Domain
Subechhya Pradhan, Brian J. Soher, and Peter B. Barker 277
19 Quantifying Spectra in the Time Domain
Dirk van Ormondt, Danielle Graveron-Demilly, Diana M. Sima, Sabine Van Huffel, and Stephen R. Williams 289
20 Advanced Spectral Quantification: Parameter Handling, Nonparametric Pattern Modeling, and Multidimensional Fitting
Anke Henning 303
21 1 H-NMR Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Brain Metabolites
Varan Govind 321
22 Pattern Recognition Analysis of MR Spectra
Sandra Ortega-Martorell, Margarida Julià-Sapé, Paulo Lisboa, and Carles Arús 343
23 Quantifying Metabolite Ratios and Concentrations by 1 HMRS
Mary A. McLean 359
24 Quantifying Metabolite Ratios and Concentrations by Non- 1 HMRS
Paul A. Bottomley 369
Parametry 389
25 Measuring Intra- and Extracellular pH by MRS
Pedro M. Enriquez-Navas and Robert J. Gillies 391
26 Temperature Monitoring Using Chemical Shift
Kagayaki Kuroda 401
27 Diffusion-Weighted MRS
Itamar Ronen and Julien Valette 415
28 Measuring Biochemical Reaction Rates In Vivo with Magnetization Transfer
Paul A. Bottomley 439
29 Proton Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer MRS and MRI
Peter C.M. van Zijl and Akansha Ashvani Sehgal 459
30 Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy Plus Spatial Encoding
M. Albert Thomas, Zohaib Iqbal, Manoj K. Sarma, Rajakumar Nagarajan, Paul M. Macey, and Amir Huda 495
31 Spectral Editing
Robin A. de Graaf and Douglas L. Rothman 521
32 Multiple Quantum MRS
Uzi Eliav and Gil Navon 535
Hyperpolarization 555
33 Hyperpolarization Methods for MRS
Boyd M. Goodson, Nicholas Whiting, Aaron M. Coffey, Panayiotis Nikolaou, Fan Shi, Brogan M. Gust, Max E. Gemeinhardt, Roman V. Shchepin, Jason G. Skinner, Jonathan R. Birchall, Michael J. Barlow, and Eduard Y. Chekmenev 557
34 Pulse Sequences for Hyperpolarized MRS
Jeremy W. Gordon and Peder E.Z. Larson 575
Part B: Applications 597
Cells, Solutions 599
35 MRS of Perfused Cells, Tissues, and Organs
Matthew Milkevitch, Elizabeth A. Browning, and E. James Delikatny 601
36 Metabolism and Metabolomics by MRS
Yuen-Li Chung, Basetti Madhu, and John R. Griffiths 619
Fluorine and Carbon 633
37 In Vivo 19 FMRS
Arend Heerschap 635
38 13 C MRS in Human Tissue
Martin Krššák 645
39 Hyperpolarized 13 C MRI and MRS Studies
Renuka Sriram, John Kurhanewicz, and Daniel B. Vigneron 659
40 Integrating 13 C Isotopomer Methods with Hyperpolarization for a Comprehensive Picture of Metabolism
A. Dean Sherry and Craig R. Malloy 679
Muscle 699
41 Muscle Studies by 1 HMRS
Chris Boesch and Roland Kreis 701
42 Muscle Studies by 31 PMRS
Graham J. Kemp 717
43 Measuring Intracellular Oxygenation with Myoglobin 1 HMRS
Thomas Jue 731
Obesity and Diabetes 743
44 Body Fat MRS
E. Louise Thomas and Jimmy D. Bell 745
45 In Vivo MRS of Lipids in Adipose Tissue, Bone Marrow, and Liver
Jürgen Machann and Fritz Schick 757
46 Assessing Fatty Liver with MRS
Paul E. Sijens 773
47 MRS Studies of Muscle and Heart in Obesity and Diabetes
Jeanine J. Prompers and Klaas Nicolay 783
48 Studying Cardiac Lipids in Obese and Diabetic Patients by 1 HMRS
Lidia S. Szczepaniak and Laura G. Smith 809
Heart Disease 821
49 Cardiac MRS Studies in Rodents and Other Animals
Michael S. Dodd, Damian J. Tyler, and Kieran Clarke 823
50 Assessing Cardiac Transplant Viability with MRS
Monique Bernard, Frank Kober, and Thierry Caus 837
51 MRS in the Failing Heart: From Mice to Humans
Robert G. Weiss, Ashish Gupta, and Paul A. Bottomley 847
52 MRS Studies of Creatine Kinase Metabolism in Human Heart
Paul A. Bottomley 863
Brain 893
53 Studying Aging, Dementia, Trauma, Infection, and Developmental Disorders of the Brain with 1 HMRS
Eva-Maria Ratai, Ivan I. Kirov, Lidia Glodzik, and Oded Gonen 895
54 Studying Stroke and Cerebral Ischemia by 1 HMRS
Andrew M. Blamire 917
55 31 P MRS in Psychiatric Disorders
David G. Harper, J. Eric Jensen, and Perry F. Renshaw 927
56 The Significance of N-Acetyl Aspartate in Human Brain MRS
Richard A.E. Edden and Ashley D. Harris 947
Cancer 957
57 MRS in Brain Cancer
Franklyn A. Howe and Andrew C. Peet 959
58 MRS in Breast Cancer
Uma Sharma and Naranamangalam R. Jagannathan 981
59 MRS in Prostate Cancer
John Kurhanewicz and Daniel B. Vigneron 997
Clinical Trials 1025
60 Clinical Trials of MRS Methods
Margarida Julià-Sapé, Fernando Arias-Mendoza, and John R. Griffiths 1027
61 Clinical Trials that Utilize MRS as a Biomarker
Alexander Lin, Ben Rowland, and John R. Griffiths 1041
Part C: Appendices 1051
Appendix 1: Properties of NMR-Visible Isotopes and their Biological Content in Human Tissues 1053
Paul A. Bottomley
Appendix 2: Concentration Ranges of Common Metabolites Detected by MRS in Healthy Human Tissue 1057
Ivan I. Kirov
Appendix 3: Peak Assignments for Some Common Metabolites 1061
A. Dean Sherry
Appendix 4: Biochemical Reactions and Molecular Structures of Common MRS Metabolites 1067
John R. Griffiths and Varan Govind
Appendix 5: Some Standard Formulae Used in MRS 1075
Paul A. Bottomley
Appendix 6: Common MRS Artifacts 1079
John R. Griffiths, Roland Kreis, and Paul A. Bottomley
Appendix 7: In Vivo Spectra with Peak Assignments 1091
John R. Griffiths
Index 1099
