- ホーム
- > 洋書
- > 英文書
- > Science / Mathematics
Full Description
Functional foods and nutraceuticals have received considerable interest in the past decade largely due to increasing consumer awareness of the health benefits associated with food. Diet in human health is no longer a matter of simple nutrition: consumers are more proactive and increasingly interested in the health benefits of functional foods and their role in the prevention of illness and chronic conditions. This, combined with an aging population that focuses not only on longevity but also quality of life, has created a market for functional foods and nutraceuticals.
A fully updated and revised second edition, Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods reflects the recent upsurge in "omics" technologies and features 48 chapters that cover topics including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenetics, peptidomics, nutrigenomics and human health, transcriptomics, nutriethics and nanotechnology. This cutting-edge volume, written by a panel of experts from around the globe reviews the latest developments in the field with an emphasis on the application of these novel technologies to functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Contents
Contributors xxiv
Preface xxxi
Part I Introduction 1
1 Novel Omics Technologies in Food Nutrition 3
Xuewu Zhang, Lijun You, Wei Wang, and Kaijun Xiao
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Transcriptomics in Nutritional Research 4
1.3 Proteomics in Nutritional Research 5
1.4 Metabolomics in Nutritional Research 7
1.5 Systems Biology in Nutritional Research 9
1.6 Conclusions 9
References 10
2 Seafood Authentication using Foodomics: Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Genomics 14
Karola Böhme, Jorge Barros-Velázquez, Pilar Calo-Mata, José M. Gallardo, and Ignacio Ortea
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Proteomic Approaches 15
2.3 Metabolomic Approaches 19
2.4 Genomic Approaches 20
2.5 Conclusions 25
References 26
3 A Foodomics Approach Reveals Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Red Microalgae 31
Irit Dvir, Aliza H. Stark, and Shoshana (Malis) Arad
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Marine Functional Foods and Supplements 32
3.2.1 Algae as a Functional Food 32
3.2.2 The Nutritional Value of Algae 32
3.3 Microalgae 33
3.3.1 Red Microalgae 34
3.3.2 Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Microalgae 34
3.3.3 Red Microalgae as a Hypocholesterolemic Agent 35
3.4 Summary 37
References 37
Part II Genomics 41
4 Gene-Diet Interaction and Weight Management 43
Lu Qi
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Diet and Lifestyle Modifications in Weight Management 44
4.3 The Role of Genetic Factors in Determining Body Weight and Weight Loss 44
4.4 Gene-Diet Interactions on Body Weight and Risk of Obesity 46
4.5 Gene-Diet Interactions on Weight Loss in Randomized Clinical Trials 47
4.6 Gene-Diet Interactions on Weight Maintenance 48
4.7 Personalized Weight Management through Diet and Lifestyle Modifications 49
4.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks 50
Acknowledgments 50
References 50
5 NutrimiRomics: The Promise of a New Discipline in Nutrigenomics 53
Amitava Das and Chandan K. Sen
5.1 Introduction 53
5.2 miRomics: A New Cornerstone 56
5.3 Nutrigenomics and miR 57
References 58
6 Genomics as a Tool to Characterize Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals 61
Amitava Das, Scott Chaffee, and Sashwati Roy
6.1 Chronic Inflammation in Disease 61
6.1.1 Vascular Disorders 61
6.1.2 Respiratory Disorders 62
6.1.3 Gastrointestinal Tract 62
6.1.4 Neurodegenerative Diseases 63
6.1.5 Cancer 63
6.1.6 Rheumatic Diseases 63
6.2 Nutraceuticals in the Management of Chronic Inflammation 64
6.3 GeneChip TM as a Tool to Characterize the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Nutraceuticals 65
References 68
7 Nutrigenomics, Inflammaging, and Osteoarthritis: A Review 71
Ali Mobasheri, Richard Barrett-Jolley, Caroline A. Staunton, Chris Ford, and Yves Henrotin
7.1 Introduction 71
7.2 Osteoarthritis (OA) 72
7.3 Antioxidants and the Inflammatory Microenvironment 73
7.4 Inflammaging 75
7.5 Nutrigenomics 76
7.6 Muscle Inflammation in OA 77
7.7 Conclusions 80
Acknowledgments, Competing Interests, and Disclosures 80
References 80
8 Genetic Basis of Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Boswellia Extracts 85
Golakoti Trimurtulu, Chandan K. Sen, Alluri V. Krishnaraju, Kiran Bhupathiraju, and Krishanu Sengupta
8.1 Introduction 85
8.2 Boswellia serrata 86
8.3 Mechanism of Action 87
8.4 Development of 5-LOXIN ® (BE-30) 87
8.4.1 Genetic Basis for Efficacy of 5-LOXIN ® (BE-30) 88
8.5 Gene Chip Probe Array Analysis 88
8.6 Proteomics 89
8.7 Molecular Basis of Anti-Inflammatory Properties of 5-LOXIN ® 95
8.8 In vivo Studies 96
8.9 Safety of 5-LOXIN ® 96
8.10 Clinical Efficacy of 5-LOXIN ® in the Management of Osteoarthritis 97
8.11 An Advanced 5-LOXIN ® : Aflapin ® 99
8.12 Conclusion 100
References 100
9 Cancer Chemopreventive Phytochemicals Targeting NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways 102
Hye-Kyung Na and Young-Joon Surh
9.1 Introduction 102
9.2 Molecular-Based Cancer Chemoprevention 104
9.3 Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) 105
9.3.1 Curcumin 106
9.3.2 [6]-Gingerol 107
9.3.3 Capsaicin 107
9.3.4 Resveratrol 107
9.3.5 Quercetin 108
9.3.6 Sulforaphane 108
9.3.7 Genistein 108
9.4 Nrf2 108
9.4.1 Sulforaphane 109
9.4.2 Curcuminoids 111
9.4.3 Egcg 111
9.4.4 Allyl Sulfides 111
9.4.5 Resveratrol 112
9.4.6 Pungent Vanilloids 112
9.4.7 Lycopene 112
9.4.8 Coffee-Derived Diterpenes 113
9.4.9 Carnosol 113
9.4.10 Xanthohumol 113
9.4.11 Zerumbone 113
9.4.12 Chalcones 114
9.5 Interplay/Crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways 114
9.6 Conclusion 115
Acknowledgment 116
References 116
10 The Beneficial Health Effects of Fucoxanthin 122
Kazuo Miyashita and Masashi Hosokawa
10.1 Introduction 122
10.2 The Beneficial Health Effects of Carotenoids as Antioxidants 124
10.3 Anticancer Activity of Fucoxanthin 124
10.4 Anti-Obesity Effects of Fucoxanthin 126
10.5 Anti-Diabetic Effects of Fucoxanthin 127
10.6 Conclusion 130
References 131
11 Nutrition, Genomics, and Human Health: A Complex Mechanism for Wellness 135
Okezie I. Aruoma
11.1 Introduction 135
11.2 Nutrition Sciences and Clinical Applications in Nutritional Genomics 136
References 139
12 Application of Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis in Exploratory Study of Functional Foods 140
Kohsuke Hayamizu and Aiko Manji
12.1 Introduction 140
12.2 Analysis Tools 141
12.2.1 GeneSpring GX 141
12.2.2 Bioconductor 141
12.2.3 Others 141
12.3 Interpretation Tools 142
12.3.1 Go Analysis Tools 142
12.3.2 Pathway Analysis Tools 142
12.3.3 Association Network Analysis Tools 143
12.4 Application Example of Kale (Brassica oleracea L. Var Acephala DC) 143
12.4.1 Animal Study and DNA Microarray Analysis 144
12.4.2 Data Analysis 144
12.4.3 Result 146
12.5 Conclusion 148
References 149
13 Omics Analysis and Databases for Plant Science 150
Masaaki Kobayashi, Hajime Ohyanagi, and Kentaro Yano
13.1 Introduction 150
13.2 NGS Technologies and Data Processing 151
13.3 De novo Plant Genome Assembly by NGS 151
13.3.1 Basics of Plant Genome Assembly 151
13.3.2 Plant Genome Assembly by NGS Short Reads 152
13.3.3 Hybrid-Type Assembly 152
13.4 Plant Genome Resequencing by NGS 153
13.4.1 Conventional Resequencing Technologies 153
13.4.2 GBS/RAD-Seq 154
13.5 Plant Transcriptome Analysis by NGS 154
13.5.1 Transcriptome Analysis with Reference Genome Sequences 154
13.5.2 Reference-Free Transcriptome Analysis 154
13.6 Plant Genome and Annotation Databases 154
13.6.1 TAIR (Arabidopsis) 154
13.6.2 RAP-DB (Rice) 155
13.6.3 Other Plants 155
13.7 Plant Omics Databases 155
13.7.1 Transcriptome Databases 155
13.7.2 Gene Expression Network Databases 156
13.7.3 Metabolic Pathway Databases 156
13.7.4 Other Databases for Omics Integration 156
13.8 Conclusion 156
References 157
14 Synergistic Plant Genomics and Molecular Breeding Approaches for Ensuring Food Security 160
Shouvik Das and Swarup K. Parida
14.1 Introduction 160
14.2 Plant Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics Resources 161
14.3 Molecular Markers in Plant Genome Analysis 163
14.3.1 Microsatellite Markers 164
14.3.2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers 166
14.4 Identification of Functionally Relevant Molecular Tags Governing Agronomic Traits 167
14.4.1 Plant Genetic Resources Rich in Trait Diversity 167
14.4.2 High-Throughput Phenotyping 168
14.4.3 High-Throughput Marker Genotyping 168
14.4.4 Identification and Mapping of QTLs/Genes 168
14.4.5 Trait Association Mapping 170
14.5 Genomics-Assisted Crop Improvement 170
References 175
15 Combinatorial Approaches Utilizing Nutraceuticals in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy: A Complementary Shift with Promising Acuity 185
Madhulika Singh and Yogeshwer Shukla
15.1 Introduction 185
15.2 Nutraceuticals 187
15.3 Nutraceuticals and Key Events in Cancer Development 189
15.3.1 Inflammation 189
15.3.2 Oxidative Stress 189
15.3.3 Antiproliferation 190
15.3.4 Cell-Cycle Arrest 190
15.3.5 Apoptosis 190
15.3.6 Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad Signaling Pathway 191
15.3.7 β-Catenin 191
15.4 Nutraceuticals in Combinatorial Therapy of Human Cancer: A Pledge of the Future 191
15.4.1 Nutraceuticals in Cruciferous Vegetables: Potential for Combination Therapy 191
15.4.2 Indole-3-Carbinol (I3C) and Combinations 192
15.4.3 Phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC) and Combinations 192
15.4.4 Sulforaphane (SFN) and Combinations 193
15.4.5 Synergism among Cruciferous Compounds 194
15.4.6 Combinations of Cruciferous Compounds with Conventional Cancer Chemotherapeutics 194
15.5 Curcumin: Potential for Combination Therapy 195
15.5.1 Curcumin with Xanthorrhizol 196
15.5.2 Curcumin with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Present in Fish Oil) 196
15.5.3 Curcumin and Genistein 196
15.5.4 Curcumin and Resveratrol 197
15.5.5 Curcumin and EGCG 197
15.5.6 Curcumin and Citrus Limonoids 197
15.5.7 Curcumin with Apigenin 197
15.5.8 Curcumin and Triptolide 198
15.5.9 Combinations of Curcumin with Conventional Cancer Chemotherapeutics 198
15.6 Resveratrol: Potential for Combination Therapy 199
15.6.1 Resveratrol and Genistein 199
15.6.2 Resveratrol and Piperine 200
15.6.3 Resveratrol and Black Tea Polyphenols 200
15.6.4 Resveratrol and Melatonin 200
15.6.5 Synergism among Resveratrol and Other Grapes' Polyphenols 200
15.6.6 Resveratrol in Combination with Anticancer Drugs 201
15.7 Lycopene (a Carotenoid): Potential for Combinations Therapy 202
15.7.1 Lycopene and Genistein 202
15.7.2 Lycopene and Sc-allyl Cysteine 202
15.7.3 Lycopene and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 202
15.7.4 Lycopene with Selenium 203
15.7.5 Lycopene and FruHis (Ketosamine) 203
15.7.6 Combination of Lycopene with Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs 203
15.8 Soy Nutraceuticals: Potential for Combination Therapy 203
15.8.1 Genistein and Daidzein 203
15.8.2 Genistein and 3,3'-Diindolylmethane 203
15.8.3 Genistein and Capsaicin 204
15.8.4 Combination of Genistein with Conventional Cancer Chemotherapeutics 204
15.9 Tea Polyphenols Potential for Combinatorial Therapy 204
15.9.1 Green Tea and Quercetin 205
15.9.2 EGCG and Soy Phytochemical 205
15.9.3 EGCG and Thymoquinone 205
15.9.4 EGCG and Trichostatin A 205
15.9.5 EGCG and Luteolin 205
15.9.6 EGCG and Pterostilbene (a Stilbenoid Derived from Blueberries) 205
15.9.7 EGCG and Panaxadiol 206
15.9.8 Polyphenon E 206
15.9.9 EGCG with Conventional Cancer Chemotherapy 206
15.10 D-Limonene: Potential for Combination Therapy 207
15.10.1 D-Limonene and Chemotherapeutic Drugs 207
15.11 Miscellaneous: Novel Nutraceuticals Formulation 207
15.11.1 Coltect: A Dietary Supplement 207
15.11.2 BreastDefend: A Natural Dietary Supplement 208
15.11.3 ProstaCaid: A Dietary Supplement 208
15.12 Conclusion 208
References 208
16 Nutrigenomic Approaches to Understanding the Transcriptional and Metabolic Responses of Phytochemicals to Diet-Induced Obesity and its Complications 218
Myung-Sook Choi and Eun-Young Kwon
16.1 Introduction 218
16.2 Nutrigenomics 219
16.2.1 Tools for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology 219
16.3 Obesity and Cardiometabolic Syndrome 222
16.3.1 Obesity 222
16.3.2 Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Obesity 223
16.3.3 Obesity and Cardiometabolic Syndrome: A Possible Role for Nutrigenomics 224
16.4 Anti-Obesity Action of Luteolin 225
16.5 Conclusion 226
Acknowledgments 226
References 226
17 Going Beyond the Current Native Nutritional Food Through the Integration of the Omic Data in the Post-Genomic Era: A Study in (Resistant) Starch Systems Biology 230
Treenut Saithong and Saowalak Kalapanulak
17.1 Introduction 230
17.2 Starch and its Yield Improvement in Plants 231
17.3 An Extension of the (Resistant) Starch Yield Improvement Research on the Systems Biology Regime: Integration of the Omic Data from the Post-Genomic Technology 233
References 239
Part III Proteomics 243
18 Proteomics and Nutrition Research: An Overview 245
Arun K. Tewari, Sudhasri Mohanty, and Sashwati Roy
18.1 Introduction 245
18.2 Proteomics 245
18.2.1 Proteomics Tools and Technologies 246
18.3 Nutrition and Proteins 246
18.4 Nutritional Biomarkers 248
18.5 Nutritional Bioactives 248
18.5.1 Wheat Proteins 248
18.5.2 Vitamins 248
18.5.3 Glucose 249
18.5.4 Wine and Soy Nutrients 249
18.6 Diet-Based Proteomics Application to Animal Products (Livestock Applications) 249
18.7 Proteomics and Food Safety 249
18.8 Conclusion 249
18.9 Significance 250
Conflict of Interests 250
References 250
19 Proteomics Analysis for the Functionality of Toona sinensis 253
Sue-Joan Chang and Chun-Yung Huang
19.1 Introduction 253
19.2 Toona sinensis 253
19.2.1 Functions of Toona sinensis Leaf Extracts (TSLs) 254
19.2.2 Preparation of TSLs 254
19.3 TSLs Regulate Functions of Testes/Spermatozoa 254
19.3.1 TSL-2 Exhibits Pro-oxidants but Protects Germ Cells from Apoptosis 254
19.3.2 TSL-2P Exhibits Prooxidant Properties and Impairs Sperm Maturation 255
19.3.3 TSL-6 Exhibits Antioxidant Properties and Enhances Sperm Functions 255
19.4 TSLs Regulate Liver Metabolism 257
19.4.1 TSL-CE Decreases Gluconeogenesis 257
19.4.2 TSL-CE Enhances Lipolysis 258
19.4.3 TSL-CE Decreases Glutamate Metabolism 258
19.4.4 TSL-CE Alleviates Oxidative Stress 259
19.4.5 TSL-CE Increases Protein Kinase C -λ 260
19.4.6 TSL-CE Activates the PPARα/γ Pathway 260
19.4.7 TSL-CE Inhibits the Polyol Pathway 260
19.5 TSL as a Novel Antioxidant 261
19.6 Possible Active Compounds in TSL Extracts 261
19.7 Conclusion 261
References 262
20 Proteomic Approaches to Identify Novel Therapeutics and Nutraceuticals from Filamentous Fungi: Prospects and Challenges 265
Samudra Prosad Banik, Suman Khowala, Chiranjib Pal, and Soumya Mukherjee
20.1 Introduction 265
20.2 Mushroom Derived Immunomodulators and their Target Cells in the Immune System 266
20.2.1 Macrophages 266
20.2.2 Dendritic Cells 266
20.2.3 NK Cells 269
20.3 Mushroom Derived Metabolites in Treating Cancer 271
20.4 Mushroom Derived Metabolites in Infectious Diseases 271
20.5 Fungal Enzymes as Therapeutics and Dietary Supplements 274
20.6 Identification and Characterization of Mushroom Derived Bioactive Therapeutics 275
20.6.1 Proteomic Methodologies for Characterization of Fungal Complexes 276
20.7 Challenges in Intracellular Proteome Preparation 279
20.8 Challenges in Extracellular Proteome Preparation 279
20.9 New Generation MS Technologies to Track the Dynamic Proteome 280
20.10 Glycoproteomics: A New Arsenal in the Proteomic Toolbox 280
20.11 Glycoproteomics of Filamentous Fungi 281
20.12 High-Throughput Approaches to Decipher Fungal Glycan Structures 282
20.13 Challenges in MS Studies of Glycans/Glycopeptides 284
20.14 Optimized MS Instrumentation for Glycan Analysis 284
20.15 Tandem Mass Spectrometry 285
20.16 Bioinformatics for Glycoproteomics: Hitting Databases with MS Peaks 285
20.17 Predicting Glycan Structures with Computational Tools 286
20.18 Concluding Remarks: The Road Ahead 287
Acknowledgment 287
References 287
21 Proteomics and Metaproteomics for Studying Probiotic Activity 296
Rosa Anna Siciliano and Maria Fiorella Mazzeo
21.1 Introduction 296
21.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Probiotic Action as Studied by Proteomics 297
21.2.1 Adaptation Mechanisms to GIT Environment 297
21.2.2 Adhesion Mechanisms to the Host Mucosa 298
21.2.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Probiotic Immunomodulatory Effects 299
21.3 Probiotics and Prebiotics 299
21.4 Investigation on Human Microbiota Dynamics by Proteomics 300
21.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 301
References 301
22 Proteomics Approach to Assess the Potency of Dietary Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins and Dimeric Procyanidin B2 304
Hai-qing Gao, Bao-ying Li, Mei Cheng, Xiao-li Li, Fei Yu, and Zhen Zhang
22.1 Chemoprotective Properties of GSPs 305
22.1.1 Components and Molecules 305
22.1.2 Antioxidant Effects 305
22.1.3 Anti-Nonenzymatic Glycation and Anti-Inflammation Effects 305
22.1.4 Protective Effects on the Cardiovascular System 306
22.1.5 Protective Effects on Diabetes and its Complications 307
22.1.6 Anti-Aging Effects 308
22.1.7 Anti-Oncogenesis Effects 308
22.1.8 Effect on Wound Healing 309
22.1.9 Anti-Osteoporosis 309
22.2 Proteomic Platform 309
22.2.1 Based on Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE) Proteomics 309
22.2.2 "Gel-Free" Proteomics 310
22.2.3 Protein Chips 311
22.3 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSPs 311
22.3.1 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSP in the Brain of Normal Rats 311
22.3.2 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSP in Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy 312
22.3.3 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSPB 2
in the Aorta of db/db Mice 314
22.3.4 Proteomics Analysis of the Actions of GSPB2 in the Kidneys of db/db Mice 315
22.4 Functional Confirmation of Proteins 317
22.5 Future Perspectives 317
Acknowledgments 317
References 318
23 Genomic and Proteomic Approaches to Lung Transplantation: Identifying Relevant Biomarkers to Improve Surgical Outcome 321
John Noel, Ronald Carnemola, and Shampa Chatterjee
23.1 Introduction 321
23.2 Lung Transplantation 322
23.2.1 A Case of Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) 322
23.2.2 The I/R Signaling Cascade 322
23.3 Challenges of Lung Transplantation 323
23.3.1 Oxidative Damage and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome 323
23.3.2 Oxidative Damage and Inflammation 323
23.4 Inflammatory Biomarkers with Lung Rejection: Markers of Inflammation Signaling such as CAMs, Chemokines, and Cytokines and their Status with Transplants 324
23.4.1 Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines 324
23.4.2 Cellular Adhesion Molecules 324
23.5 Microarray Technology to Identify Transplant Rejection Biomarkers 324
23.6 Challenges and Future Directions 325
References 325
24 Proteomics in Understanding the Molecular Basis of Phytochemicals for Health 328
Jung Yeon Kwon, Sanguine Byun, and Ki Won Lee
24.1 Introduction 328
24.2 Proteomics in Phytochemical Research in Cancer Prevention 329
24.2.1 Genistein 329
24.2.2 Curcumin 330
24.2.3 Sulforaphane and β-Phenylethyl Isothiocyanate 330
24.2.4 Apigenin 7-Glucoside 331
24.2.5 Quercetin 331
24.3 Perspectives 331
24.4 Proteomics in Phytochemical Research for Metabolic Diseases 333
24.5 Proteomics for Neuroprotective Phytochemicals 333
24.6 Proteomics for Phytochemicals with Other Functions for Health Benefits 334
24.7 Conclusions 334
References 335
25 Genomics/Proteomics of NEXT-II ® , a Novel Water-Soluble, Undenatured Type II Collagen in Joint Health Care 338
Orie Yoshinari, Hiroyoshi Moriyama, Manashi Bagchi, and Debasis Bagchi
25.1 Introduction 338
25.2 Mechanism of RA 339
25.3 About NEXT-II ® 340
25.3.1 Preparation of NEXT-II ® 341
25.3.2 Safety of NEXT-II ® 341
25.3.3 Efficacy of NEXT-II ® in Collagen-Induced Arthritic Mice 342
25.4 Hypothesized Mechanism of NEXT-II ® 342
25.5 Future Perspectives 343
25.6 Conclusion 343
References 343
Part IV Metabolomics 347
26 Harnessing Metabolic Diversity for Nutraceutical Plant Breeding 349
Ashish Saxena and Vicki L. Schlegel
26.1 What is Metabolomics? 349
26.2 Nutraceuticals 350
26.3 Importance of Secondary Metabolites 350
26.4 Complementing Plant Breeding with "Omics" 351
26.5 Nutraceutical Breeding 352
26.6 Crop Quality 353
26.7 Metabolomics and Plant Stresses 353
26.8 Food Safety 354
26.9 Future 354
References 354
27 Metabolomics and Fetal-Neonatal Nutrition: An Overview 357
Angelica Dessì, Flaminia Cesare Marincola, and Vassilios Fanos
27.1 Introduction 357
27.2 IUGR and LGA: Fetal Programming 358
27.3 Metabolomics in Nutritional Research 358
27.4 Nutrimetabolomics in Animal Models 360
27.5 Nutrimetabolomics in Human Models 361
27.6 Conclusions 362
References 363
28 Metabolomics, Bioactives, and Cancer 365
Shannon R. Sweeney, John DiGiovanni, and Stefano Tiziani
28.1 Introduction 365
28.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 366
28.3 Mass Spectrometry 367
28.4 Application of Scientific Computing and Data Analysis 368
28.5 Metabolomics, Bioactive Food Components, and Cancer 369
28.5.1 Resveratrol 370
28.5.2 Epigallocatechin Gallate 370
28.5.3 Curcumin 372
28.5.4 Ursolic Acid 372
28.5.5 Omega-3 Fatty Acids 373
28.6 Future Perspectives 373
References 374
29 NMR-Based Metabolomics of Foods 379
Takuya Miyakawa, Tingfu Liang, and Masaru Tanokura
29.1 Introduction 379
29.2 Principal Aspects of NMR in Food Analyses 380
29.3 NMR Techniques Applied to Food Metabolomics 380
29.4 Monitoring of Metabolic Changes in Food Processing Using Quantitative NMR 381
29.5 NMR Profiling Based on Multivariate Analyses 382
29.5.1 Food Quality and Safety 383
29.5.2 Sensory Assessment for Food Development 384
29.5.3 Food Functionality and Identification of Bioactive Metabolites 385
29.6 Conclusion 386
Acknowledgments 386
References 386
30 Cancer Chemopreventive Effect of Curcumin through Suppressing Metabolic Crosstalk between Components in the Tumor Microenvironment 388
Dong Hoon Suh and Yong-Sang Song
30.1 Introduction 388
30.2 Cancer Metabolism 389
30.2.1 The Warburg and Reverse Warburg Effect 389
30.2.2 Paradigm Shift from Cancer Cells to Cancer Microenvironment 389
30.2.3 Cancer-Associated Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment 390
30.3 Metabolic Onco-Targets of Curcumin in the Tumor Microenvironment 391
30.3.1 Xenohormetic Inhibition of NF-κB 391
30.4 Clinical Trials of Curcumin as Metabolic Modulators in Cancer 393
30.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 393
Acknowledgments 394
References 394
31 Metabolomics of Green Tea 397
Yoshinori Fujimura and Hirofumi Tachibana
31.1 Introduction 397
31.2 Metabolic Profiling 398
31.3 Tea Chemical Composition 401
31.4 Metabolic Responses to Tea Consumption 402
31.5 Biotransformation of Dietary Tea Components 403
31.6 Conclusion 404
Acknowledgments 404
References 405
Part V Epigenetics 407
32 The Potential Epigenetic Modulation of Diabetes Influenced by Nutritional Exposures In Utero 409
Jie Yan and Huixia Yang
32.1 Introduction 409
32.2 Insulin Resistance 409
32.3 Skeletal Muscle 410
32.4 Type 2 Diabetes 410
32.5 Influence of High-Fat Diet 410
32.6 Obesity 410
32.7 Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) 411
32.8 Environmental Factors and Epigenetic Modifications 411
32.9 Mitochondria and Energy Homeostasis 413
32.10 Diabetes Progression 413
32.11 Conclusion 414
References 414
33 The Time has Come (and the Tools are Available) for Nutriepigenomics Studies 418
Pearlly S. Yan
33.1 Introduction: Great Strides in Deciphering Methylomes 418
33.2 Recent Findings in Methylome Research and their Implications for Future Nutriepigenomic Research 419
33.2.1 Cohort Size and Data Reproducibility 419
33.2.2 Proxy/Surrogate Tissues 419
33.2.3 Confounders of Methylome Profiles 419
33.3 Strategies for Identifying and Optimizing a Small Number of Promising Methylation Markers 419
33.3.1 Methylome Profiling Protocols 419
33.3.2 Integrating Transcriptional Information 420
33.3.3 Genetic-Associated Epigenetic Changes 420
33.3.4 Other Approaches to Identify Functional Markers 420
33.4 Validation of Methylation Markers Performance in Large Cohorts using Highly Targeted Assays 421
33.4.1 Validation Using Methylation-Based Assays 421
33.4.2 Validation Using Gene Expression-Based Sequencing Panels as Readouts for Functional Methylation Markers 421
33.5 Summaries 422
References 422
34 Natural Phytochemicals as Epigenetic Modulators 424
Gauri Deb and Sanjay Gupta
34.1 Introduction 424
34.2 Epigenetic Mechanisms in Mammals 425
34.2.1 DNA Methylation 425
34.2.2 Histone Modifications 426
34.2.3 Non-Coding RNAs 426
34.3 Natural Phytochemicals and Epigenetic Mechanisms 427
34.3.1 Apigenin 427
34.3.2 Curcumin 428
34.3.3 (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) 428
34.3.4 Genistein and Soy Isoflavones 429
34.3.5 Indole-3-Carbinol and Diindolylmethane 430
34.3.6 Lycopene 430
34.3.7 Organosulfur Compounds 431
34.3.8 Phenethyl Isothiocyanate (PEITC) 431
34.3.9 Quercetin 431
34.3.10 Resveratrol 432
34.3.11 Sulforaphane 432
34.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 433
Acknowledgments 433
References 433
Part VI Peptidomics 441
35 Detection and Identification of Food-Derived Peptides in Human Blood: Food-Derived Short Chain Peptidomes in Human Blood 443
Kenji Sato and Daisuke Urado
35.1 Introduction 443
35.2 Detection of Apparent Bioactive Peptides in Human Blood 444
35.3 Identification of Food-Derived Peptides in Human Blood 444
35.3.1 Identification of Food-Derived Peptides as Intact Forms 444
35.3.2 Isolation of Phenyl Thiocarbamyl Peptide for Sequence Analysis Based on Edman Degradation 446
35.3.3 MS/MS Analyses of Derivatized Peptides 448
35.4 Future Prospects 448
References 451
Part VII Nutrigenomics and Human Health 453
36 Use of Omics Approaches for Developing Immune-Modulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Phytomedicines 455
Shu-Yi Yin, Pradeep M. S., and Ning-Sun Yang
36.1 Introduction 455
36.1.1 Needs and Importance of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics 456
36.1.2 Omics Technologies 456
36.1.3 Phytomics 457
36.2 Transcriptomics Study in Medicinal Plant Research 458
36.2.1 Application of DNA Microarrays in Toxicogenomics, Pharmacogenomics, and Functional Genomics Studies of Bioactivity from Medicinal Plants 458
36.2.2 Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Different Phyto-Compounds/Candidate Phytomedicines 459
36.2.3 Use of cDNA Microarray/Expression Sequence Tags (ESTs) for Evaluating Bioactivities of Medicinal Plants 461
36.2.4 Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Traditional Herbal Medicines Revealed by microRNA Analysis 461
36.3 Proteomics Studies on Research into Medicinal Plants 462
36.3.1 Use and Advancement of Analytical and Instrumentation Systems: Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2-DE), Electrospray Ionization, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization and Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption 462
36.3.2 Application of Proteomics for Research into Traditional Herbal Medicine 462
36.4 Metabolomics Study on the Research of Medicinal Plants 463
36.4.1 Use of GC-MS, LC-MS, FT-IR, and NMR Technologies 463
36.4.2 Metabolomics Research in Medicinal Chemistry Studies 465
36.4.3 Metabolomics Approach Applied to Research into Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytomedicine 465
36.5 Lipidomics Study on the Research of Medicinal Plants 466
36.6 Comparative and Bioinformatics Tools for Omics Studies 466
36.6.1 Ingenuity 466
36.6.2 Metacore™ 466
36.6.3 Transpath 468
36.6.4 Kegg 468
36.7 Challenges and Perspectives 469
References 471
37 The Application of Algae for Cosmeceuticals in the Omics Age 476
Nyuk Ling Ma, Su Shiung Lam, and Rahman Zaidah
37.1 Introduction 476
37.2 Metabolomics 477
37.3 Genomics 477
37.4 Proteomics 481
37.5 Conclusion 483
References 483
38 Gut Microbiome and Functional Foods: Health Benefits and Safety Challenges 489
Abhai Kumar, Smita Singh, and Anil Kumar Chauhan
38.1 Introduction 489
38.2 Microbiome Symbiosis 490
38.2.1 Diarrhea (Infectious and Antibiotic Associated) 491
38.2.2 Lactose Intolerance 491
38.2.3 Inflammatory Intestinal Diseases 492
38.2.4 Immune Modulation 492
38.3 Functional Food Intervention of Gut Microbiota 492
38.4 Types of Functional Foods and Their Effects 493
38.4.1 Probiotics and Prebiotics 493
38.4.2 Proteins and Peptides 495
38.4.3 Carbohydrates and Fibers 496
38.4.4 Lipids and Fatty Acids 497
38.4.5 Flavanoids and Lycopene 497
38.4.6 Vitamins 497
38.5 Regulations and Safety of Functional Food 497
38.6 Safety Challenges of Functional Food 499
38.7 Functional Foods and Nutrigenomics 499
38.8 Conclusions 500
Acknowledgment 500
Conflict of Interest 500
References 500
39 An Overview on Germinated Brown Rice and its Nutrigenomic Implications 504
Mustapha Umar Imam and Maznah Ismail
39.1 Diet and Health: The Role of Staple Foods and Nutrigenomic Implications 504
39.2 Health Implications of White Rice and Brown Rice Consumption 506
39.3 Germinated Brown Rice: Bioactives, Functional Effects, and Mechanistic Insights 506
39.3.1 Nutrigenomic Effects of Germinated Brown Rice on Obesity and Cholesterol Metabolism 509
39.3.2 Nutrigenomic Effects of Germinated Brown Rice on Oxidative Stress 511
39.3.3 Nutrigenomic Effects of Germinated Brown Rice on Glycemic Control 511
39.3.4 Nutrigenomic Effects of Germinated Brown Rice on Menopause-Related Problems 512
39.4 Conclusions 513
39.5 Future Considerations 513
Acknowledgments 513
Conflict of Interest 513
References 513
40 Novel Chromium (III) Supplements and Nutrigenomics Exploration: A Review 518
Sreejayan Nair, Anand Swaroop, and Debasis Bagchi
40.1 Introduction 518
40.2 Trivalent Chromium, Insulin Regulation, and Signaling 519
40.3 Regulatory Pathways 519
40.4 MicroRNAs 522
40.5 Summary and Conclusions 522
References 522
Part VIII Transcriptomics 525
41 Transcriptomics of Plants Interacting with Pathogens and Beneficial Microbes 527
Hooman Mirzaee, Louise Shuey, and Peer M. Schenk
41.1 Introduction 527
41.2 Plant Defense Responses against Pathogens 528
41.3 Transcriptomics during Plant-Pathogen Interactions 529
41.4 Plant Responses during Interactions with Beneficial Microbes 530
41.5 Transcriptomics during Beneficial Plant-Microbe Interactions 531
41.6 Knowledge on Modulation of Host Immunity by Pathogens and Beneficial Microbes May Lead to New Resistance Strategies 532
References 532
42 Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profiling of Chicken Adipose Tissue: An Overview 537
Brynn H. Voy, Stephen Dearth, and Shawn R. Campagna
42.1 Introduction 537
42.2 Chicken as a Model Organism 537
42.3 Chicken Genome and Genetic Diversity 538
42.4 Chicken as a Model for Studies of Adipose Biology and Obesity 538
42.5 Natural and Selected Models of Differential Fatness 538
42.5.1 Broilers 538
42.5.2 Selected Lines 539
42.6 Transcriptomics and Metabolomics as Tools for the Studies of Adipose Biology in Chicken 539
42.7 Insight into Control of Adipose Tissue Growth and Metabolism in Chickens from Transcriptomics and Metabolomics 541
42.8 Conclusions and Future Directions 543
References 543
43 Nutritional Transcriptomics: An Overview 545
M. R. Noori-Daloii and A. Nejatizadeh
43.1 Introduction 545
43.2 Molecular Nutrition 546
43.3 From Nutrients to Genes Expression Profiling 547
43.4 Biological Actions of Nutrients 548
43.5 Nutritional Transcriptomics 548
43.6 Transcriptomic Technologies 549
43.7 Transcriptomics and Development of New Nutritional Biomarkers 552
43.8 The Micronutrient Genomics Project 553
43.9 Transcriptomics in Nutrition Research 553
43.10 Perspectives 554
References 555
44 Dissecting Transcriptomes of Cyanobacteria for Novel Metabolite Production 557
Sucheta Tripathy, Deeksha Singh, Mathumalar C., and Abhishek Das
44.1 Introduction 557
44.2 Phylogenetic Relationships in Cyanobacteria 558
44.3 Genomic Studies of Cyanobacteria 560
44.4 Plasmids in Cyanobacteria 562
44.5 Dissecting Transcriptomes of Cyanobacteria 563
44.5.1 Biofuel Production 563
44.5.2 Novel Metabolite Producing Genes in Cyanobacteria 571
44.6 Conclusion 571
Acknowledgment 571
References 571
45 Inflammation, Nutrition, and Transcriptomics 573
Gareth Marlow and Lynnette R. Ferguson
45.1 Introduction 573
45.2 Inflammation 573
45.3 Nutrition 575
45.3.1 Mediterranean Diet 575
45.4 Nutrigenomics 575
45.5 Dietary Factors and Inflammation 576
45.6 Transcriptomics 577
45.6.1 RNA-seq 578
45.7 Conclusions 578
References 578
46 Transcriptomics and Nutrition in Mammalians 581
Carmen Arnal, Jose M. Lou-Bonafonte, María V. Martínez-Gracia, María J. Rodríguez-Yoldi, and Jesús Osada
46.1 Introduction 581
46.1.1 DNA Chips or Microarrays 583
46.2 Adipocyte Transcriptome 584
46.2.1 Influence of Caloric Restriction 585
46.2.2 Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate Content 586
46.2.3 Effect of Dietary Fat Content 586
46.2.4 Nature of Fat 587
46.2.5 Effects of Quality and Protein Content 587
46.3 Intestinal Transcriptome 587
46.3.1 Influence of Caloric Restriction 588
46.3.2 Effects of Carbohydrate Content of Diets 589
46.3.3 Effect of Dietary Fat Content 589
46.3.4 Effects of Quality and Protein Content 589
46.3.5 Environmental Conditions of Intestine 590
46.4 Hepatic Transcriptome 590
46.4.1 Influence of Fasting and Feeding 590
46.4.2 Influence of Caloric Restriction 591
46.4.3 Effects of Carbohydrate Content of Diets 592
46.4.4 Effect of Dietary Fat Content 593
46.4.5 Effects of Quality and Protein Content 598
46.5 Muscular Transcriptome 599
46.5.1 Influence of Caloric Restriction 599
46.5.2 Effect of Dietary Fat Content 600
46.5.3 Effects of Quality and Protein Content 601
46.6 Conclusion 601
Acknowledgments 601
References 602
Part IX Nutriethics 609
47 Nutritional Sciences at the Intersection of Omics Disciplines and Ethics: A Focus on Nutritional Doping 611
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
47.1 Introduction 611
47.2 Nutrigenomics and Nutriproteomics 612
47.3 Sports Nutriproteogenomics 614
47.4 Nutritional and Sports Ethics 615
47.5 Conclusions 617
References 618
Part X Nanotechnology 623
48 Current Relevant Nanotechnologies for the Food Industry 625
Kelvii Wei Guo
48.1 Introduction 625
48.2 Nanotechnology in Food Industry 626
48.2.1 Nanoparticles (NPs) 627
48.2.2 Nanodispersion 627
48.2.3 Nanocapsules 628
48.2.4 Nanocolloids 628
48.2.5 Nanoemulsions 629
48.2.6 Nanofibers/Tubes 629
48.3 Natural Biopolymers 630
48.4 Nanotechnology for Food Packaging 630
48.4.1 Silver Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites as Antimicrobial Food Packaging Materials 630
48.4.2 Nanolaminates/Coating 631
48.4.3 Nanosensors 631
48.5 Outstanding State-of-the-Art Issues 633
48.6 Conclusion 633
References 634
Index 637
