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Full Description
This revised edition of Communication Systems from GSM to LTEIntroduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband Second Edition (Wiley 2010) contains not only a technical description of the different wireless systems available today, but also explains the rationale behind the different mechanisms and implementations; not only the how but also the why . In this way, the advantages and also limitations of each technology become apparent. Offering a solid introduction to major global wireless standards and comparisons of the different wireless technologies and their applications, this edition has been updated to provide the latest directions and activities in 3GPP standardization up to Release 12, and importantly includes a new chapter on Voice over LTE (VoLTE). There are new sections on Building Blocks of a Voice Centric Device, Building Blocks of a Smart Phone, Fast Dormancy, IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, and Wi-Fi-Protected Setup. Other sections have been considerably updated in places reflecting the current state of the technology.Describes the different systems based on the standards, their practical implementation and design assumptions, and the performance and capacity of each system in practice is analyzed and explained Questions at the end of each chapter and answers on the accompanying website make this book ideal for self-study or as course material
Contents
Preface xiii1 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 11.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission 11.1.1 Classic Circuit Switching 21.1.2 Virtual Circuit Switching over IP 31.2 Standards 41.3 Transmission Speeds 51.4 The Signaling System Number 7 61.4.1 The Classic SS-7 Protocol Stack 71.4.2 SS-7 Protocols for GSM 91.4.3 IP-Based SS-7 Protocol Stack 101.5 The GSM Subsystems 111.6 The Network Subsystem 121.6.1 The Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Server and Gateway 121.6.2 The Visitor Location Register (VLR) 161.6.3 The Home Location Register (HLR) 171.6.4 The Authentication Center 201.6.5 The Short Messaging Service Center (SMSC) 231.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Voice Processing 251.7.1 Frequency Bands 251.7.2 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 271.7.3 The GSM Air Interface 281.7.4 The Base Station Controller (BSC) 361.7.5 The TRAU for Voice Encoding 401.7.6 Channel Coder and Interleaver in the BTS 441.7.7 Ciphering in the BTS and Security Aspects 461.7.8 Modulation 501.7.9 Voice Activity Detection 501.8 Mobility Management and Call Control 521.8.1 Cell Reselection and Location Area Update 521.8.2 The Mobile-Terminated Call 531.8.3 Handover Scenarios 561.9 The Mobile Device 581.9.1 Architecture of a Voice-Centric Mobile Device 591.9.2 Architecture of a Smartphone 601.10 The SIM Card 621.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL 67Questions 70References 702 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGE 732.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSM 732.2 Packet-Switched Data Transmission over GPRS 742.3 The GPRS Air Interface 772.3.1 GPRS vs. GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface 772.3.2 Mixed GSM/GPRS Timeslot Usage in a Base Station 792.3.3 Coding Schemes 792.3.4 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 812.3.5 Mobile Device Classes 842.3.6 Network Mode of Operation 852.3.7 GPRS Logical Channels on the Air Interface 862.4 The GPRS State Model 882.5 GPRS Network Elements 912.5.1 The Packet Control Unit (PCU) 912.5.2 The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 932.5.3 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 952.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management 962.7 GPRS Interfaces 1002.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM) 1052.8.1 Mobility Management Tasks 1052.8.2 GPRS Session Management 1082.9 Session Management from a User's Point of View 1102.10 Small Screen Web Browsing over GPRS and EDGE 1142.10.1 WAP 1.1 Used in Early GPRS Devices 1142.10.2 WAP 2.0 1172.10.3 Small Screen Web Browsing with Network Side Compression 1182.10.4 Small Screen Web Browsing - Quality of Experience 1192.11 The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) over GPRS 1202.12 Web Browsing via GPRS 1252.12.1 Impact of Delay on the Web-Browsing Experience 1252.12.2 Web Browser Optimization for Mobile Web Browsing 127Questions 128References 1283 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) 1293.1 Overview, History and Future 1303.1.1 3GPP Release 99: The First UMTS Access Network Implementation 1313.1.2 3GPP Release 4: Enhancements for the Circuit-Switched Core Network 1333.1.3 3GPP Release 5: IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 1343.1.4 3GPP Release 6: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 1373.1.5 3GPP Release 7: Even Faster HSPA and Continued Packet Connectivity 1373.1.6 3GPP Release 8: LTE, Further HSPA Enhancements and Femtocells 1383.1.7 3GPP Release 9: Digital Dividend and Dual Cell Improvements 1393.1.8 3GPP Releases 10 and 11: LTE-Advanced 1393.2 Important New Concepts of UMTS 1403.2.1 The Radio Access Bearer (RAB) 1413.2.2 The Access Stratum and Nonaccess Stratum 1413.2.3 Common Transport Protocols for CS and PS 1423.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 1433.3.1 Spreading Factor, Chip Rate and Process Gain 1463.3.2 The OVSF Code Tree 1473.3.3 Scrambling in Uplink and Downlink Direction 1493.3.4 UMTS Frequency and Cell Planning 1513.3.5 The Near-Far Effect and Cell Breathing 1513.3.6 Advantages of the UMTS Radio Network Compared to GSM 1533.4 UMTS Channel Structure on the Air Interface 1543.4.1 User Plane and Control Plane 1543.4.2 Common and Dedicated Channels 1553.4.3 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 1553.4.4 Example: Network Search 1593.4.5 Example: Initial Network Access Procedure 1623.4.6 The Uu Protocol Stack 1643.5 The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 1683.5.1 Node-B, Iub Interface, NBAP and FP 1683.5.2 The RNC, Iu, Iub and Iur Interfaces, RANAP and RNSAP 1703.5.3 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) NB and WB Codecs for Voice Calls 1743.5.4 Radio Resource Control (RRC) States 1763.6 Core Network Mobility Management 1813.7 Radio Network Mobility Management 1823.7.1 Mobility Management in the Cell-DCH State 1823.7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 1913.7.3 Mobility Management in Other States 1933.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment 1943.9 UMTS Security 1983.10 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and HSPA+ 1993.10.1 HSDPA Channels 2003.10.2 Shorter Delay Times and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 2023.10.3 Node-B Scheduling 2043.10.4 Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Transmission Rates and Multicarrier Operation 2043.10.5 Establishment and Release of an HSDPA Connection 2073.10.6 HSDPA Mobility Management 2083.11 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 2093.11.1 E-DCH Channel Structure 2103.11.2 The E-DCH Protocol Stack and Functionality 2133.11.3 E-DCH Scheduling 2153.11.4 E-DCH Mobility 2173.11.5 E-DCH-Capable Devices 2183.12 Radio and Core Network Enhancements: CPC and One Tunnel 2193.12.1 A New Uplink Control Channel Slot Format 2193.12.2 CQI Reporting Reduction and DTX and DRX 2203.12.3 HS-SCCH Discontinuous Reception 2213.12.4 HS-SCCH-less Operation 2213.12.5 Enhanced Cell-FACH and Cell-/URA-PCH States 2223.12.6 Radio Network Enhancement: One Tunnel 2233.13 HSPA Performance in Practice 2253.13.1 Throughput in Practice 2253.13.2 Radio Resource State Management 2263.13.3 Power Consumption 2263.13.4 Web-Browsing Experience 2283.14 UMTS and CDMA2000 229Questions 232References 2324 Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced 2354.1 Introduction and Overview 2354.2 Network Architecture and Interfaces 2374.2.1 LTE Mobile Devices and the LTE Uu Interface 2384.2.2 The eNode-B and the S1 and X2 Interfaces 2404.2.3 The Mobility Management Entity (MME) 2444.2.4 The Serving Gateway (S-GW) 2454.2.5 The PDN-Gateway 2454.2.6 The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 2474.2.7 Billing, Prepaid and Quality of Service 2484.3 FDD Air Interface and Radio Network 2494.3.1 OFDMA for Downlink Transmission 2504.3.2 SC-FDMA for Uplink Transmission 2524.3.3 Symbols, Slots, Radio Blocks and Frames 2534.3.4 Reference and Synchronization Signals 2544.3.5 The LTE Channel Model in Downlink Direction 2554.3.6 Downlink Management Channels 2564.3.7 System Information Messages 2574.3.8 The LTE Channel Model in Uplink Direction 2574.3.9 MIMO Transmission 2604.3.10 HARQ and Other Retransmission Mechanisms 2634.3.11 PDCP Compression and Ciphering 2664.3.12 Protocol Layer Overview 2674.4 TD-LTE Air Interface 2684.5 Scheduling 2694.5.1 Downlink Scheduling 2694.5.2 Uplink Scheduling 2734.6 Basic Procedures 2744.6.1 Cell Search 2744.6.2 Attach and Default Bearer Activation 2764.6.3 Handover Scenarios 2814.6.4 Default and Dedicated Bearers 2864.7 Mobility Management and Power Optimization 2864.7.1 Mobility Management in Connected State 2864.7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 2884.7.3 Mobility Management And State Changes In Practice 2914.8 LTE Security Architecture 2914.9 Interconnection with UMTS and GSM 2924.9.1 Cell Reselection between LTE and GSM/UMTS 2934.9.2 RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE and GSM/UMTS 2954.9.3 Handover between LTE and GSM/UMTS 2964.10 Interworking with CDMA2000 Networks 2964.10.1 Cell Reselection between LTE and CDMA2000 Networks 2974.10.2 RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE and CDMA2000 2974.10.3 Handover between LTE and CDMA2000 2984.11 Network Planning Aspects 2984.11.1 Single Frequency Network 2984.11.2 Cell Edge Performance 2994.11.3 Self-Organizing Network Functionality 3004.12 CS-Fallback for Voice and SMS Services with LTE 3014.12.1 SMS over SGs 3024.12.2 CS Fallback 3034.13 Voice in Combined LTE and CDMA 2000 Networks (SV-LTE) 3054.14 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 3064.14.1 The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 3064.14.2 The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and VoLTE 3114.14.3 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 3144.14.4 Internet-Based Alternatives 3164.14.5 LTE Bearer Configurations for VoIP 3174.15 Backhaul Considerations 3184.16 LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10-12) 3194.16.1 Carrier Aggregation 3194.16.2 8 x 8 Downlink and 4 x 4 Uplink MIMO 3204.16.3 Relays 3214.16.4 HetNets, ICIC and eICIC 3214.16.5 Coordinated Multipoint Operation 3224.16.6 Future LTE Uses: Machine Type Communication and Public Safety 324Questions 324References 3255 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 3275.1 Wireless LAN Overview 3275.2 Transmission Speeds and Standards 3285.3 WLAN Configurations: From Ad Hoc to Wireless Bridging 3295.3.1 Ad Hoc, BSS, ESS and Wireless Bridging 3295.3.2 SSID and Frequency Selection 3335.4 Management Operations 3355.5 The MAC Layer 3405.5.1 Air Interface Access Control 3405.5.2 The MAC Header 3435.6 The Physical Layer and MAC Extensions 3435.6.1 IEEE 802.11b - 11 Mbit/s 3435.6.2 IEEE 802.11g with up to 54 Mbit/s 3475.6.3 IEEE 802.11a with up to 54 Mbit/s 3495.6.4 IEEE 802.11n with up to 600 Mbits/s 3495.6.5 802.11ac Gigabit Wireless 3585.7 Wireless LAN Security 3625.7.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) 3625.7.2 WPA and WPA2 Personal Mode Authentication 3635.7.3 WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Mode Authentication 3655.7.4 EAP-SIM Authentication 3675.7.5 WPA and WPA2 Encryption 3685.7.6 Wi-Fi-Protected Setup (WPS) 3695.8 IEEE 802.11e and WMM - Quality of Service 3715.9 Comparison of Wireless LAN and LTE 376Questions 379References 3796 Bluetooth 3816.1 Overview and Applications 3816.2 Physical Properties 3826.3 Piconets and the Master/Slave Concept 3856.4 The Bluetooth Protocol Stack 3876.4.1 The Baseband Layer 3876.4.2 The Link Controller 3936.4.3 The Link Manager 3956.4.4 The HCI Interface 3976.4.5 The L2CAP Layer 3986.4.6 The Service Discovery Protocol 4006.4.7 The RFCOMM Layer 4026.4.8 Overview of Bluetooth Connection Establishment 4046.5 Bluetooth Security 4056.5.1 Pairing up to Bluetooth 2.0 4056.5.2 Pairing with Bluetooth 2.1 (Secure Simple Pairing) 4066.5.3 Authentication 4086.5.4 Encryption 4086.5.5 Authorization 4096.5.6 Security Modes 4116.6 Bluetooth Profiles 4116.6.1 Basic Profiles: GAP, SDP and the Serial Profile 4136.6.2 Object Exchange Profiles: FTP, Object Push and Synchronize 4146.6.3 Headset, Hands-Free and SIM Access Profile 4166.6.4 High-Quality Audio Streaming 4206.6.5 The Human Interface Device (HID) Profile 422Questions 424References 424Index 427
