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Drawing upon over 40 years of experience, the authors of Statistics, 10th Edition provide business professionals with a clear and methodical approach to essential statistical procedures. The text clearly explains the basic concepts and procedures of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. It features an emphasis on expressions involving sums of squares and degrees of freedom as well as a strong stress on the importance of variability. This accessible approach will help business professionals tackle such perennially mystifying topics as the standard deviation, variance interpretation of the correlation coefficient, hypothesis tests, degrees of freedom, p-values, and estimates of effect size.
Contents
Preface VAcknowledgments VII1 Introduction 31.1 Why Study Statistics? 41.2 What Is Statistics? 41.3 More About Inferential Statistics 61.4 Three Types Of Data 91.5 Levels Of Measurement 101.6 Types Of Variables 141.7 How To Use This Book 19Summary20Important Terms 21Review Questions 21Part 1 Descriptive Statistics: Organizing And Summarizing Data 252 Describing Data With Tables And Graphs 27Tables (Frequency Distributions) 282.1 Frequency Distributions For Quantitative Data 282.2 Guidelines 292.3 Outliers 342.4 Relative Frequency Distributions 352.5 Cumulative Frequency Distributions 362.6 Frequency Distributions For Qualitative (Nominal) Data 382.7 Interpreting Distributions Constructed By Others 39Graphs 402.8 Graphs For Quantitative Data 402.9 Typical Shapes 452.10 A Graph For Qualitative (Nominal) Data 472.11 Misleading Graphs 482.12 Doing It Yourself 50Summary 50Important Terms 52Review Questions 533 Describing Data With Averages 573.1 Mode 583.2 Median 593.3 Mean 613.4 Which Average? 633.5 Averages For Qualitative And Ranked Data 66Summary 68Important Terms 68Key Equation 69Review Questions 694 Describing Variability 734.1 Intuitive Approach 744.2 Range 764.3 Variance 764.4 Standard Deviation 774.5 Details: Standard Deviation 824.6 Degrees Of Freedom(Df) 904.7 Interquartile Range (Iqr) 924.8 Measures Of Variability For Qualitative And Ranked Data 93Summary 93Important Terms 94Key Equations 95Review Questions 955 Normal Distributions And Standard (Z) Scores 995.1 The Normal Curve 1015.2 Z Scores 1035.3 Standard Normal Curve 1045.4 Solving Normal Curve Problems 1075.5 Finding Proportions 1085.6 Finding Scores 1145.7 More About Z Scores 119Summary 122Important Terms 123Key Equations 123Review Questions 1236 Describing Relationships: Correlation 1276.1 An Intuitive Approach 1286.2 Scatterplots 1306.3 A Correlation Coefficient For Quantitative Data: R 1336.4 Details: Computation Formula For R 1416.5 Outliers Again 1436.6 Other Types Of Correlation Coefficients 1446.7 Computer Output 144Summary 148Important Terms 149Key Equations 149Review Questions 1497 Regression 1537.1 Two Rough Predictions 1547.2 A Regression Line 1557.3 Least Squares Regression Line 1577.4 Standard Error Of Estimate, Sy|X 1617.5 Assumptions 1647.6 Interpretation Of 7.7 Multiple Regression Equations 1647.8 Regression Toward The Mean 165Summary 167Important Terms 168Key Equations 168Review Questions 168Part 2 Inferential Statistics: Generalizing Beyond Data 1718 Populations, Samples, And Probability 173Populations And Samples 1748.1 Populations 1748.2 Samples 1758.3 Random Sampling 1768.4 Tables Of Random Numbers 1778.5 Random Assignment Of Subjects 1798.6 Surveys Or Experiments? 180Probability 1818.7 Definition 1818.8 Addition Rule 1828.9 Multiplication Rule 1838.10 Probability And Statistics 186Summary 188Important Terms 188Key Equations 189Review Questions 1899 Sampling Distribution Of The Mean 1939.1 What Is A Sampling Distribution? 1949.2 Creating A Sampling Distribution From Scratch 1959.3 Some Important Symbols 1979.4 Mean Of All Sample Means () 1999.5 Standard Error Of The Mean () 2009.6 Shape Of The Sampling Distribution 2029.7 Other Sampling Distributions 204Summary 205Important Terms 205Key Equations 205Review Questions 20610 Introduction To Hypothesis Testing: The Z Test 20910.1 Testing A Hypothesis About Sat Scores 21010.2 Z Test For A Population Mean 21210.3 Step-By-Step Procedure 21410.4 Statement Of The Research Problem 21410.5 Null Hypothesis (H0) 21510.6 Alternative Hypothesis (H1) 21610.7 Decision Rule 21710.8 Calculations 21810.9 Decision 21810.10 Interpretation 219Summary 220Important Terms 221Key Equations 221Review Questions 22111 More About Hypothesis Testing 22511.1 Why Hypothesis Tests? 22611.2 Strong Or Weak Decisions 22811.3 One-Tailed And Two-Tailed Tests 22911.4 Choosing A Level Of Significance (a) 23311.5 Testing A Hypothesis About Vitamin C 23511.6 Four Possible Outcomes 23511.7 If H0 Really Is True 23811.8 If H0 Really Is False Because Of A Large Effect 23911.9 If H0 Really Is False Because Of A Small Effect 24211.10 Influence Of Sample Size 24311.11 Power And Sample Size 246Summary 249Important Terms 251Review Questions 25112 Estimation (Confidence Intervals) 25512.1 Point Estimate For m 25612.2 Confidence Interval (Ci) For m 25612.3 Interpretation Of A Confidence Interval 26012.4 Level Of Confidence 26112.5 Effect Of Sample Size 26212.6 Hypothesis Tests Or Confidence Intervals? 26312.7 Confidence Interval For Population Percent 263Summary 265Important Terms 266Key Equation 266Review Questions 26613 T Test For One Sample 26913.1 Gas Mileage Investigation 27013.2 Sampling Distribution Of T 27013.3 T Test 27413.4 Common Theme Of Hypothesis Tests 27513.5 Reminder About Degrees Of Freedom 27513.6 Details: Estimating The Standard Error 27513.7 Details: Calculations For The T Test 27613.8 Confidence Intervals For M Based On T 27813.9 Assumptions 279Summary 280Important Terms 280Key Equations 280Review Questions 28014 T Test For Two Independent Samples 28514.1 Epo Experiment 28614.2 Statistical Hypotheses 28714.3 Sampling Distribution Of 28914.4 T Test 9114.5 Details: Calculations For The T Test 29214.6 P-Values 29614.7 Statistically Significant Results 29914.8 Estimating Effect Size: Point Estimates And Confidence Intervals 30014.9 Estimating Effect Size: Cohen s D 30314.10 Meta-Analysis14.11 Reports In The Literature 30614.12 Assumptions 30814.13 Computer Output 308Summary 309Important Terms 310Key Equations 310Review Questions 31115 T Test For Two Related Samples (Repeated Measures) 31515.1 Epo Experiment With Repeated Measures 31615.2 Statistical Hypotheses 31915.3 Sampling Distribution Of 32015.4 T Test 32015.5 Details: Calculations For The T Test 32115.6 Estimating Effect Size 32415.7 Assumptions 32615.8 Overview: Three T Tests For Population Means 32615.9 T Test For The Population Correlation Coefficient, r 329Summary 331Important Terms 332Key Equations 332Review Questions 33316 Analysis Of Variance (One Factor) 33716.1 Testing A Hypothesis About Sleep Deprivation And Aggression 33816.2 Two Sources Of Variability 34016.3 F Test 34216.4 Details: Variance Estimates 34416.5 Details: Mean Squares (Ms) And The F Ratio 35016.6 Table For The F Distribution 35216.7 Anova Summary Tables 35316.8 F Test Is Nondirectional 35516.9 Estimating Effect Size 35516.10 Multiple Comparisons 35816.11 Overview: Flow Chart For Anova 36216.12 Reports In The Literature 36216.13 Assumptions 36416.14 Computer Output 364Summary 364Important Terms 366Key Equations 366Review Questions 36617 Analysis Of Variance (Repeated Measures) 37117.1 Sleep Deprivation Experiment With Repeated Measures 37217.2 F Test 37317.3 Two Complications 37517.4 Details: Variance Estimates 37517.5 Details: Mean Square (Ms) And The F Ratio 37917.6 Table For The F Distribution 38117.7 Anova Summary Tables 38117.8 Estimating Effect Size 38317.9 Multiple Comparisons 38417.10 Reports In The Literature 38617.11 Assumptions 387Summary 387Important Terms 388Key Equations 388Review Questions 38818 Analysis Of Variance (Two Factors) 39318.1 A Two-Factor Experiment: Responsibility In Crowds 39418.2 Three F Tests 39718.3 Interaction 39818.4 Details: Variance Estimates 40218.5 Details: Mean Squares (Ms) And F Ratios 40618.6 Table For The F Distribution 40818.7 Estimating Effect Size 40818.8 Multiple Comparisons 40918.9 Simple Effects 41018.10 Overview: Flow Chart For Two-Factor Anova 41418.11 Reports In The Literature 41518.12 Assumptions 41618.13 Other Types Of Anova 416Summary 417Important Terms 417Key Equations 417Review Questions 41819 Chi-Square (c2) Test For Qualitative (Nominal) Data 423 One-Variable c2 Test 42419.1 Survey Of Blood Types 42419.2 Statistical Hypotheses 42419.3 Details: Calculating c2 42519.4 Table For The c 2 Distribution 42819.5 c2 Test 428Two-Variable c2 Test 43119.6 Lost Letter Study 43119.7 Statistical Hypotheses 43219.8 Details: Calculating c2 43319.9 Table For The c2 Distribution 43419.10 c2 Test 43619.11 Estimating Effect Size 43719.12 Odds Ratios 43819.13 Reports In The Literature 44019.14 Some Precautions 44119.15 Computer Output 442Summary 443Important Terms 443Key Equations 443Review Questions 44420 Tests For Ranked (Ordinal) Data 44920.1 Use Only When Appropriate 45020.2 A Note On Terminology 45020.3 Mann-Whitney U Test (Two Independent Samples) 45120.4 Wilcoxon T Test (Two Related Samples) 45620.5 Kruskal-Wallis H Test (Three Or More Independent Samples) 46020.6 General Comment: Ties 464Summary 464Important Terms 465Review Questions 46521 Postscript: Which Test? 46921.1 Descriptive Or Inferential Statistics? 47021.2 Hypothesis Tests Or Confidence Intervals? 47021.3 Quantitative Or Qualitative Data? 47221.4 Distinguishing Between The Two Types Of Data 47221.5 One, Two, Or More Groups? 47321.6 Concluding Comments 474Review Questions 474Appendices 479A Math Review 479B Answers To Selected Questions 487C Tables 529D Glossary 543Photo Credits 550Index 551
