- ホーム
- > 洋書
- > 英文書
- > Science / Mathematics
基本説明
Using clear, concise terminology that is familiar to students, Fundamentals presents material at an appropriate level for both students and instructors who may not have a materials background.
Full Description
Callister and Rethwisch's Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, 4th Edition continues to take the integrated approach to the organization of topics. That is, one specific structure, characteristic, or property type at a time is discussed for all three basic material types metals, ceramics, and polymeric materials. This order of presentation allows for the early introduction of non-metals and supports the engineer's role in choosing materials based upon their characteristics. Also discussed are new, cutting-edge materials. Using clear, concise terminology that is familiar to students, Fundamentals presents material at an appropriate level for both student comprehension and instructors who may not have a materials background.
Contents
LIST OF SYMBOLS xxiii 1. Introduction 1Learning Objectives 21.1 Historical Perspective 21.2 Materials Science and Engineering 21.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 41.4 Classification of Materials 5Materials of Importance Carbonated Beverage Containers 91.5 Advanced Materials 101.6 Modern Materials Needs 121.7 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Correlations 13Summary 15References 16Question 162. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 17Learning Objectives 182.1 Introduction 18ATOMIC STRUCTURE 182.2 Fundamental Concepts 182.3 Electrons in Atoms 192.4 The Periodic Table 252.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 262.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 282.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 32Materials of Importance Water (Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing) 342.8 Molecules 35Summary 35Equation Summary 36Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 36Important Terms and Concepts 37References 37Questions and Problems 37Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 393. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 40Learning Objectives 413.1 Introduction 41CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 423.2 Fundamental Concepts 423.3 Unit Cells 423.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 433.5 Density Computations Metals 473.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 483.7 Density Computations Ceramics 543.8 Silicate Ceramics 553.9 Carbon 59Materials of Importance Carbon Nanotubes 603.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 613.11 Crystal Systems 61Material of Importance Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 63CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS, DIRECTIONS, AND PLANES 643.12 Point Coordinates 643.13 Crystallographic Directions 663.14 Crystallographic Planes 723.15 Linear and Planar Densities 763.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 77CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 813.17 Single Crystals 813.18 Polycrystalline Materials 813.19 Anisotropy 813.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 833.21 Noncrystalline Solids 87Summary 89Equation Summary 91Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 92Important Terms and Concepts 93References 94Questions and Problems 94Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 1014. Polymer Structures 102Learning Objectives 1034.1 Introduction 1034.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 1034.3 Polymer Molecules 1054.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 1064.5 Molecular Weight 1114.6 Molecular Shape 1134.7 Molecular Structure 1154.8 Molecular Configurations 1164.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 1204.10 Copolymers 1214.11 Polymer Crystallinity 1224.12 Polymer Crystals 125Summary 128Equation Summary 129Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 130Important Terms and Concepts 130References 131Questions and Problems 131Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 1335. Imperfections in Solids 134Learning Objectives 1355.1 Introduction 135POINT DEFECTS 1365.2 Point Defects in Metals 1365.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 1375.4 Impurities in Solids 1405.5 Point Defects in Polymers 1435.6 Specification of Composition 143MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 1475.7 Dislocations Linear Defects 1475.8 Interfacial Defects 1505.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 1535.10 Atomic Vibrations 153MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 1535.11 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 153Materials of Importance Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 1545.12 Microscopic Techniques 1555.13 Grain Size Determination 159Summary 161Equation Summary 163Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 164Important Terms and Concepts 165References 165Questions and Problems 165Design Problems 169Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 1696. Diffusion 170Learning Objectives 1716.1 Introduction 1716.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 1726.3 Steady-State Diffusion 1736.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion 1756.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 1796.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 184Material of Importance Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 1876.7 Other Diffusion Paths 1886.8 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric Materials 188Summary 191Equation Summary 192Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 193Important Terms and Concepts 194References 195Questions and Problems 195Design Problems 198Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 1997. Mechanical Properties 200Learning Objectives 2017.1 Introduction 2017.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 202ELASTIC DEFORMATION 2057.3 Stress Strain Behavior 2057.4 Anelasticity 2097.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 209MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR METALS 2117.6 Tensile Properties 2127.7 True Stress and Strain 2197.8 Elastic Recovery After PlasticDeformation 2227.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformation 222MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR CERAMICS 2237.10 Flexural Strength 2237.11 Elastic Behavior 2247.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics 224MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR POLYMERS 2267.13 Stress Strain Behavior 2267.14 Macroscopic Deformation 2287.15 Viscoelastic Deformation 229HARDNESS AND OTHER MECHANICAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS 2337.16 Hardness 2337.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials 2387.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers 239PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 2397.19 Variability of Material Properties 2397.20 Design/Safety Factors 242Summary 243Equation Summary 246Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 248Important Terms and Concepts 249References 250Questions and Problems 250Design Problems 258Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 2598. Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms 260Learning Objectives 2618.1 Introduction 261DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR METALS 2618.2 Historical 2628.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations 2628.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 2648.5 Slip Systems 2658.6 Slip in Single Crystals 2678.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 2708.8 Deformation by Twinning 2728.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 2738.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 2758.11 Strain Hardening 276RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN GROWTH 2798.12 Recovery 2798.13 Recrystallization 2808.14 Grain Growth 284DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS 2858.15 Crystalline Ceramics 2858.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 2868.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 2878.18 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 290Materials of Importance Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 2928.19 Deformation of Elastomers 293Summary 295Equation Summary 298Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 299Important Terms and Concepts 302References 302Questions and Problems 302Design Problems 307Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 3079. Failure 308Learning Objectives 3099.1 Introduction 309FRACTURE 3109.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 3109.3 Ductile Fracture 3109.4 Brittle Fracture 3129.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 3149.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 3229.7 Fracture of Polymers 3269.8 Fracture Toughness Testing 328FATIGUE 3329.9 Cyclic Stresses 3339.10 The S-N Curve 3349.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 3379.12 Crack Initiation and Propagation 3379.13 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life 3399.14 Environmental Effects 341CREEP 3429.15 Generalized Creep Behavior 3439.16 Stress and Temperature Effects 3449.17 Data Extrapolation Methods 3469.18 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 3479.19 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials 347Summary 348Equation Summary 351Important Terms and Concepts 352References 352Questions and Problems 352Design Problems 357Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 35710. Phase Diagrams 359Learning Objectives 36010.1 Introduction 360DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 36010.2 Solubility Limit 36110.3 Phases 36210.4 Microstructure 36210.5 Phase Equilibria 36210.6 One-Component (or Unary) Phase Diagrams 363BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS 36510.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 36510.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 36710.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 37110.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 37410.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 37410.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 380Materials of Importance Lead-Free Solders 38110.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 38710.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 39010.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 39110.16 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 39110.17 Ternary Phase Diagrams 39510.18 The Gibbs Phase Rule 396THE IRON CARBON SYSTEM 39810.19 The Iron Iron Carbide (Fe Fe3C) Phase Diagram 39810.20 Development of Microstructure in Iron Carbon Alloys 40110.21 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 408Summary 409Equation Summary 411Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 412Important Terms and Concepts 412References 414Questions and Problems 414Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 42011. Phase Transformations 421Learning Objectives 42211.1 Introduction 42211.2 Basic Concepts 42311.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 42311.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 43311.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 43411.6 Continuous-Cooling Transformation Diagrams 44511.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron Carbon Alloys 44811.8 Tempered Martensite 45211.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron Carbon Alloys 455Materials of Importance Shape-Memory Alloys 456PRECIPITATION HARDENING 45911.10 Heat Treatments 45911.11 Mechanism of Hardening 46111.12 Miscellaneous Considerations 46411.13 Crystallization 46411.14 Melting 46511.15 The Glass Transition 46611.16 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 46611.17 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 467Summary 469Equation Summary 472Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 473Important Terms and Concepts 475References 475Questions and Problems 476Design Problems 480Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 48112. Electrical Properties 483Learning Objectives 48412.1 Introduction 484ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 48412.2 Ohm s Law 48412.3 Electrical Conductivity 48512.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 48612.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 48612.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 48812.7 Electron Mobility 49012.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 49112.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 494Materials of Importance Aluminum Electrical Wires 494SEMICONDUCTIVITY 49612.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 49612.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 49912.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 50212.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility 50312.14 The Hall Effect 50712.15 Semiconductor Devices 50912.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 51612.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 516DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 51712.18 Capacitance 51712.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 51912.20 Types of Polarization 52212.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 52412.22 Dielectric Strength 52512.23 Dielectric Materials 52512.24 Ferroelectricity 52512.25 Piezoelectricity 526Summary 527Equation Summary 530Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 531Important Terms and Concepts 535References 535Questions and Problems 535Design Problems 539Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 54013. Types and Applications of Materials 542Learning Objectives 54313.1 Introduction 54313.2 Ferrous Alloys 54313.3 Nonferrous Alloys 556Materials of Importance Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 56513.4 Glasses 56713.5 Glass-Ceramics 56713.6 Clay Products 56913.7 Refractories 56913.8 Abrasives 57113.9 Cements 57113.10 Advanced Ceramics 573Materials of Importance Piezoelectric Ceramics 57513.11 Diamond and Graphite 57613.12 Plastics 577Materials of Importance Phenolic Billiard Balls 58013.13 Elastomers 58013.14 Fibers 58213.15 Miscellaneous Applications 58313.16 Advanced Polymeric Materials 584Summary 588Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 590Important Terms and Concepts 592References 592Questions and Problems 592Design Questions 593Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 59414. Synthesis, Fabrication, and Processing of Materials 595Learning Objectives 59614.1 Introduction 59614.2 Forming Operations 59714.3 Casting 59814.4 Miscellaneous Techniques 60014.5 Annealing Processes 60114.6 Heat Treatment of Steels 60414.7 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 61514.8 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 62014.9 Powder Pressing 62414.10 Tape Casting 62614.11 Polymerization 62714.12 Polymer Additives 63014.13 Forming Techniques for Plastics 63114.14 Fabrication of Elastomers 63414.15 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 634Summary 635Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 637Important Terms and Concepts 641References 642Questions and Problems 642Design Problems 644Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 64515. Composites 646Learning Objectives 64715.1 Introduction 647PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 64915.2 Large-Particle Composites 64915.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 653FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 65315.4 Influence of Fiber Length 65415.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 65515.6 The Fiber Phase 66315.7 The Matrix Phase 66515.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 66515.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 67115.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 67215.11 Carbon Carbon Composites 67415.12 Hybrid Composites 67415.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 675STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 67715.14 Laminar Composites 67715.15 Sandwich Panels 678Materials of Importance Nanocomposite Barrier Coatings 679Summary 681Equation Summary 683Important Terms and Concepts 684References 684Questions and Problems 684Design Problems 687Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 68816. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 689Learning Objectives 69016.1 Introduction 69016.2 Electrochemical Considerations 69116.3 Corrosion Rates 69716.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 69916.5 Passivity 70516.6 Environmental Effects 70616.7 Forms of Corrosion 70716.8 Corrosion Environments 71416.9 Corrosion Prevention 71516.10 Oxidation 71716.11 Swelling and Dissolution 72016.12 Bond Rupture 72216.13 Weathering 724Summary 724Equation Summary 726Important Terms and Concepts 728References 728Questions and Problems 728Design Problems 731Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 73217. Thermal Properties 733Learning Objectives 73417.1 Introduction 73417.2 Heat Capacity 73417.3 Thermal Expansion 738Materials of Importance Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 74017.4 Thermal Conductivity 74117.5 Thermal Stresses 744Summary 746Equation Summary 747Important Terms and Concepts 748References 748Questions and Problems 748Design Problems 750Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 75018. Magnetic Properties 751Learning Objectives 75218.1 Introduction 75218.2 Basic Concepts 75218.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 75618.4 Ferromagnetism 75818.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 75918.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 76318.7 Domains and Hysteresis 76418.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 76718.9 Soft Magnetic Materials 768Materials of Importance An Iron Silicon Alloy That Is Used in Transformer Cores 76918.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 77018.11 Magnetic Storage 77318.12 Superconductivity 776Summary 779Equation Summary 781Important Terms and Concepts 782References 782Questions and Problems 782Design Problems 785Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 78519. Optical Properties 786Learning Objectives 78719.1 Introduction 787BASIC CONCEPTS 78719.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 78719.3 Light Interactions With Solids 78919.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 79019.5 Refraction 79219.6 Reflection 79419.7 Absorption 79419.8 Transmission 79819.9 Color 79819.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 80019.11 Luminescence 80119.12 Photoconductivity 801Materials of Importance Light-Emitting Diodes 80219.13 Lasers 80419.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 808Summary 810Equation Summary 812Important Terms and Concepts 813References 813Questions and Problems 814Design Problem 815Fundamentals of Engineering Questions and Problems 81520. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 816Learning Objectives 81720.1 Introduction 817ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 81720.2 Component Design 81820.3 Materials 81820.4 Manufacturing Techniques 818ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS 81920.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 821Materials of Importance Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/Plastics 824Summary 826References 827Design Questions 827Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) 828Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials 830B.1 Density 830B.2 Modulus of Elasticity 833B.3 Poisson s Ratio 837B.4 Strength and Ductility 838B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness 843B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 845B.7 Thermal Conductivity 848B.8 Specific Heat 851B.9 Electrical Resistivity 854B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions 857Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials 859Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers 864Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials 868Mechanical Engineering Online Support Module Library of Case Studies Glossary 869Answers to Selected Problems 882Index 886
