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Full Description
The Iberian conquest of the Atlantic at the beginning of the sixteenth century had a notable impact on the formation of the new world order in which Christian Europe claimed control over most a considerable part of the planet. This was possible thanks to the confluence of different and inseparable factors: the development of new technical capacities and favorable geographical conditions in which to navigate the great oceans; the Christian mandate to extend the faith; the need for new trade routes; and an imperial organization aspiring to global dominance. The author explores new methods for approaching old historiographical problems of the Renaissance—such as the discovery and conquest of America, the birth of modern science, and the problem of Eurocentrism—now in reference to actors and regions scarcely visible in the complex history of modern Europe: the ships, the wind, the navigators, their instruments, their gods, saints, and demons. The book offers convincing evidence to incorporate the Catholic world of early modernity into the history of modern science. The research is supported by the analysis of not widely studied primary sources such as the sixteenth century Iberian nautical manuals. Through the use of theoretical frameworks such as the Actor Network Theory, the book sheds light on the need to incorporate the role of heterogeneous human actors and artifacts (ships, navigation tools, sails, cannons), natural and geographical agents (ocean currents, winds, the sun, the moon and the stars), and divine entities (gods, daemons and saints) into the political history of early modernity.
Contents
Introduction, The New World and the problem of Eurocentrism, Science and empire, Summary of the chapters in this book, 1. The Iberian Peninsula and the Atlantic, Portugal and Spain, Winds, currents, and sailing ships in the Atlantic, Gold, silver, slaves, souls, and a thousand kinds of trees, 2. The imperial bureaucracy and the appropriation of the New World, Seville and the Casa de Contratacion, The universal monarchy, 3. The piloto mayor: cosmography and the art of navigation, The post of piloto mayor: seamanship and cartography, The navigation manuals, Manuals for the Empire, Publications, dissemination, and secrecy, Humanism and the classics, Experience and authority, Man against the sea: shipwrecks and meteorology, Routes and chorographic descriptions: The New World within the new global order, 4. Machines of the empire, The ships, Shipbuilding, War and artillery, Navigational instruments, The astrolabe, The cross-staff, The mariner's compass, Time and clocks, The sounding/plumb line, The navigation charts, Astronomical tables, Instruments, measurements, precision, and standardization, The crew, The captain/admiral, The pilot, The shipmaster (maestre) and quartermaster (contramaestre), The boatswain (guardian), The ordinary seamen (marineros), Midshipmen (grumetes) and cabin boys (pajes), The carpenter, steward, cooper, and cook, The scribe, master-at-arms, and overseer, The cannoneer, The barber/surgeon, The priest, Life on board, The argot of the sailors, Overcrowding, Food and health, Men of the sea and men of God, 5. The Master Map (Padrón Real) and the cartography of the New World, Nautical charts and how they were made, The making of a chart, The charts of tierra firme: the earliest maps of the New World, Three early maps of the New World, Juan de la Cosa (1500), Waldseemuller (1507), Diego Ribero (1520) 6. The creatures of God never seen before: natural history, Nature in the New World, The classics and the Bible, Monsters in paradise, To describe, classify, and name, Medicine, botany, and the knowledge of the natives, The Empire and natural history, 7. The New World, global science, and Eurocentrism, Plus ultra, Experience and authority, The Empire and the challenge of standardization, Eurocentrism, Bibliography, About the Author, Index.
