- ホーム
- > 洋書
- > 英文書
- > Politics / International Relations
Full Description
This authoritative Encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of political representation, with a particular emphasis on contemporary liberal democratic regimes.
Presenting concise entries authored by leading scholars, this Encyclopedia traces the historical origins of political representation, exploring key thinkers, pivotal studies, and significant theoretical developments that have shaped modern understanding of this topic. The Encyclopedia examines the institutional mechanisms that influence political representation, covering electoral systems, party structures, and party systems. It also addresses pressing contemporary challenges such as increasing inequalities, the spread of fake news, the rise of right-wing populism, and the double exit of both citizens and parties from the electoral arena.
The Elgar Encyclopedia of Political Representation is a vital resource for scholars and students of politics and public policy, particularly those studying international politics, constitutions studies, leadership studies, public administration and management, and political theory.
Key Features:
Analyses the findings of a number of landmark studies in the field
Examines political representation at a national and international level
Includes over 150 entries by expert contributors from Europe and the Americas
Features descriptive and technical entries, as well as analytical and reflective insights
Contents
Contents
Introduction: political representation
in modern liberal and democratic
regimes: from its origins to its
current strains and major challenges 1
PART I HISTORICAL AND
PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS
OF MODERN POLITICAL
REPRESENTATION
1 The American Revolution
(1776) and modern liberal
representative government 14
José Gomes André
2 Carl Schmitt and the criticism
of liberal parliamentary
representation 20
Alessandra Maia and
Bernardo Ferreira
3 Democracy in ancient Athens:
the idea of popular self-
government 23
Alberto Esu
4 Edmund Burke and the idea of
trustee representation 32
Alessandra Maia and Paulo d'Avila
5 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès and
the representation of the Tiers
État 35
Alessandra Maia and André
Magnelli
6 The English Revolution and
modern political representation 39
Markku Peltonen
7 The Federalist Papers
and the delegate vision of
representation 45
Alessandra Maia
8 The Federalist Papers and the
idea of federalism 48
Alessandra Maia and Mayra Silva
9 The Federalist Papers and the
idea of limitation of the power
of majorities 51
Alessandra Maia and Mayra Silva
10 The French Revolution
(1789) and modern liberal
representative government 54
José Gomes André
11 The Italian republics and the
oligarchical representative
government 61
Newton Bignotto
12 Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his
critical vision of representation 67
Alessandra Maia and André
Magnelli
13 John Locke and the idea of
government by consent 70
Alessandra Maia and
Vladimyr Jorge
14 Liberal democratic regimes and
political representation 73
Alexandros Kabbathas and
Wolfgang Merkel
15 Medieval forms of political
representation 82
Carol Symes
16 Montesquieu and the separation
of powers 89
Alessandra Maia and André
Magnelli
17 Political representation in
dictatorships 93
Filipa Raimundo
18 The Roman republican system
and representative government 102
Heather E. Duncan
19 Thomas Hobbes and the idea of
representation as authorization 110
Alessandra Maia and André
Magnelli
PART II CLASSICAL AND
OUTSTANDING MODERN
REPRESENTATION STUDIES
20 The Concept of Representation
(1967), by Hanna Pitkin 115
Paolo Segatti
21 Constituency Influence in
Congress (1963), by Warren
Miller and Donald Stokes 121
Hermann Schmitt
22 Democracy and Its Critics
(1989), by Robert A. Dahl 126
Svend-Erik Skaaning and
Palle Svensson
23 Electoral Systems and Party
Systems: A Study of Twenty-
Seven Democracies, 1945-
1990 (1994), by Arend Lijphart 133
André Freire
24 The End of Representative
Politics (2015), by Simon
Tormey 137
Cristiano Gianolla
25 Ideological Representation:
Achieved and Astray.
Elections, Institutions, and
the Breakdown of Ideological
Congruence in Parliamentary
Democracies (2019), by G.
Bingham Powell 143
Robin E. Best
26 Latin American Party Systems
(2010), by Herbert Kitschelt,
Kirk A. Hawkins, Juan Pablo
Luna, Guillermo Rosas, and
Elizabeth J. Zechmeister 147
Mélany Barragán
27 Les Partis Politiques (1951),
by Maurice Duverger vis-à-vis
The Political Consequences of
Electoral Laws ([1967] 1971),
by Douglas Rae 150
André Freire
28 Political Recruitment: Gender,
Race and Class in the British
Parliament (1995), by Pippa
Norris and Joni Lovenduski 158
Sophia Kanaouti and
Manina Kakepaki
29 Political Representation
and Legitimacy in the
European Union (1999), by
Hermann Schmitt and Jacques
Thomassen (editors) 163
Eva H. Önnudóttir
30 Political Representation in
France (1986), by Philip
Converse and Roy Pierce 168
Nonna Mayer
31 Political Representation in
Southern Europe and Latin
America. Before and After
the Great Recession and the
Commodity Crisis (2020),
by André Freire, Mélany
Barragán, Xavier Coller, Marco
Lisi, and Emmanouil Tsatsanis
(editors) 174
Andrea Pedrazzani
32 The Politics of Presence (1998),
by Anne Phillips 180
Maro Pantelidou Maloutas
33 Post-Communist Party
Systems: Competition,
Representation, and Inter-
Party Cooperation (1999),
by Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka
Mansfeldova, Radoslaw
Markowski, and Gábor Toka 185
Gabriella Ilonszki
34 The Principles of
Representative Government
(1997), by Bernard Manin 191
Alessandra Maia
35 Representation from Above:
Members of Parliament and
Representative Democracy
in Sweden (1996), by Peter
Esaiasson and Sören Holmberg 196
Eva H. Önnudóttir
36 Representative Democracy:
Principles and Genealogy
(2006), by Nadia Urbinati 201
Alessandra Maia
37 Rethinking Representation
(2003), by Jane Mansbridge 206
Andrea Pedrazzani
38 The Strain of Representation:
How Parties Represent Diverse
Voters in Western and Eastern
Europe (2012), by Robert
Rohrschneider and Stephen
Whitefield 212
Pietro Michael Lepidi and
Matthew Loveless
PART III CONCEPTUALISATION
AND MEASUREMENT
OF POLITICAL
REPRESENTATION IN
CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL
SCIENCE RESEARCH
39 Collective representation before
liberal representation 218
Paolo Ricci
40 Data sources for the study
of political representation in
Europe and North America 222
Paride Carrara and Luca Pinto
41 Data sources for the study of
political representation in Latin
America 231
Mélany Barragán
42 Descriptive representation:
"standing for" approaches 239
Sophia Kanaouti and
Manina Kakepaki
43 Dramaturgical approaches to
political representation 243
Jean-Pascal Daloz
44 Dynamic political
representation 249
Gauthier Fally and
Christopher Wlezien
45 Elite recruitment 256
Bruno Marino
46 Elite theories 261
Pedro T. Magalhães and
Pedro Tavares de Almeida
47 Ethnic representation 266
Francisco Javier Alarcón and Carmen Ortega
48 Gender representation 270
Ana Espírito-Santo
49 Ideology and policy congruence 274
Ana Maria Belchior and
Filipe Pacheco da Silva
50 Interest representation 278
Manuel Meirinho Martins
51 Legal representation 282
José Luís Jacinto
52 The mandate vs. independence
controversy 286
Stefano Camatarri
53 Measurement issues in
studies of congruence and
responsiveness 289
Benjamin Ferland
54 Measuring ideological and
policy congruence 297
Ana Maria Belchior and
Filipe Pacheco da Silva
55 Political elites 304
Xavier Coller
56 Political representation under
affective and ideological
polarization 309
Pedro Riera and Luana Russo
57 The principal-agent model of
political representation 315
Alessandra Maia and Paulo d'Avila
58 Representation as
accountability: formalistic
views 318
Pedro Moreira da Fonseca
59 Representation as
authorization: formalistic views 322
Manuel Meirinho Martins
60 Representation as delegation:
the imperative mandate 326
Pedro Moreira da Fonseca
61 The responsible party model 330
Anika Gauja and Karina
Kosiara-Pedersen
62 Responsiveness 333
Vera Beloshitzkaya and Zoe
Lefkofridi
63 Social Disproportion Index 337
Xavier Coller
64 Social movements and
representation 341
Guya Accornero and Tiago
Carvalho
65 Symbolic representation:
"standing for" approaches 347
Manuel Meirinho Martins
66 Trustee representation: "acting
for" approaches 351
Manuel Meirinho Martins
and João Santos
PART IV ELECTORAL INSTITUTIONS,
PARTIES, PARTY SYSTEMS,
AND POLITICAL
REPRESENTATION
67 Assembly size 356
Pedro Riera and Luis Azores
68 Candidate selection and
political representation 361
Alona O. Dolinsky and
Gideon Rahat
69 The cartel party and the
'agent of the state' model of
representation 367
Ingrid van Biezen
70 The catch-all party and
the entrepreneur model of
representation 370
Ingrid van Biezen
71 Constituency service 373
Fátima Recuero and
Carmen Ortega
72 Data sources for the study of
electoral systems 377
Carmen Ortega and José
Manuel Trujillo
73 Data sources for the study of
parties and party systems 382
Vincenzo Emanuele and
Bruno Marino
74 The declining social rooting
of political parties and its
consequences for political
representation 388
Davide Angelucci
75 Direct and participatory
democracies 396
Leonardo Avritzer and
Priscila Zanandrez
76 District boundaries 401
Sergio Pérez Castaños and
Carmen Ortega
77 District magnitude 405
Carmen Ortega and Giselle
García-Hípola
78 Effective and legal thresholds 409
Alberto Penadés and Pedro Riera
79 Electoral districts 414
Carmen Ortega and Giselle
García-Hípola
80 Electoral institutions and
collective vs. individualistic/
personalised representation 417
Juan Montabes, Carmen
Ortega and José Carlos
Hernández-Gutiérrez
81 Electoral institutions and
ideological and policy
congruence 424
Pola Lehmann
82 Electoral lists 431
Carmen Ortega, Juan
Montabes and José Carlos
Hernández-Gutiérrez
83 Electoral system families 434
Jean-Benoit Pilet and
Fernando Feitosa
84 Electoral systems, party
systems and political
representation in Africa 441
Edalina Rodrigues Sanches
85 Electoral systems, party
systems, and political
representation in Asia 452
Diego Fossati
86 Electoral systems, party
systems and political
representation in Central and
Eastern Europe 459
Sergiu Gherghina
87 Electoral systems, party
systems, and political
representation in Latin America 469
Mélany Barragán and Aldo
Martínez Hernández
88 Electoral systems, party
systems, and political
representation in North
America 477
Valere Gaspard and
Benjamin Ferland
89 Electoral systems, party
systems and political
representation in Western
Europe 487
Marco Lisi
90 The elite party and the trustee
model of representation 495
Ingrid van Biezen
91 Ethnic quotas 498
Carmen Ortega and
Francisco Javier Alarcón
92 Evolution of the right to vote 504
Manuel Loff and Sergio Maia
93 The focus of representation 510
Federico Russo
94 Gender quotas 513
Pamela Pansardi
95 Gerrymandering and
redistricting 517
Daniel Adrião and André Freire
96 Governments as representative
institutions 521
Patrícia Silva and Marina
Costa Lobo
97 Indices of disproportionality 529
Pedro Riera and Alberto Penadés
98 Indices of party system
fragmentation 533
Marco Lisi
99 Indices of polarization 537
Ruth Dassonneville and
Juliette Leblanc
100 Lot: election by sort 544
Manuel Meirinho Martins
101 Malapportionment 548
Nicolás Izquierdo and Pedro Riera
102 The mass party and
the delegate model of
representation 552
Ingrid van Biezen
103 Mixed-member electoral
systems: mixed-member
proportional 555
Jean-Benoit Pilet and
Fernando Feitosa
104 Mixed-member electoral
systems: parallel systems 558
Jean-Benoit Pilet and
Fernando Feitosa
105 MPs' roles 561
Luca Verzichelli
106 Multiple-tier electoral systems 565
Jean-Benoit Pilet and
Fernando Feitosa
107 Parliaments as representative
institutions 567
Olivier Rozenberg
108 Participatory budgeting 574
Leonardo Avritzer and
Priscila Zanandrez
109 Party identification 579
Richard Johnston
110 Party manifestos and political
representation 583
Daniela Braun and
Giuseppe Carteny
111 Party pledges and pledge
fulfillment 587
Ana Maria Belchior
112 Personal vote 591
Carmen Ortega and José
Carlos Hernández-Gutiérrez
113 Polarization 594
Ruth Dassonneville and
Juliette Leblanc
114 Political communication and
political representation: social
media 599
Tiago Brás and José
Santana-Pereira
115 Political communication
and political representation:
traditional media 605
Susana Rogeiro Nina and
José Santana-Pereira
116 Political parties as
organizations 611
Emilie van Haute and
Thomas Legein
117 Political parties: definitions 614
Emilie van Haute
118 Political parties in institutions 617
Caroline Close
119 Political parties: the party on
the ground 621
Emilie van Haute
120 Political representation
in presidential and semi-
presidential systems 624
Rui Graça Feijó
121 Primaries 633
Indriði H. Indriðason and
Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson
122 Referendums and political
representation 636
Isabelle Stadelmann-Steffen
123 Single-tier electoral systems 639
Jean-Benoit Pilet and
Fernando Feitosa
124 Social cleavages and political
representation 641
Andreas C. Goldberg
125 Structure of the vote:
categorical vs. ordinal 648
Carmen Ortega and Carlos
José Aguilar García
126 Term limits 652
Noémie Jeanne Févrat
PART V CURRENT CHALLENGES
FOR POLITICAL
REPRESENTATION:
DOMESTIC LEVEL
127 Citizens' tolerance vis-à-vis
authoritarian alternatives 657
David Pimenta, Lúcio
Hanenberg, Hugo Ferrinho
Lopes and Pedro C. Magalhães
128 Consequences of in/effective
representation for system
support 660
Christopher Wratil and Jens
Wäckerle
129 Counter-democracy 667
Alessandra Maia
130 Defective democracies 673
Wolfgang Merkel
131 Disloyal oppositions (losers'
consent) 682
Claudio Balderacchi
132 Fake news 685
Pedro Marques Ribeiro and
José Santana-Pereira
133 Grand coalition politics at the
domestic level 688
Thomas Bräuninger and
Marc Debus
134 The Great Recession 693
Timothy Hellwig
135 Inequalities and political
representation 696
Renato Miguel Carmo and
Guya Accornero
136 Left-wing populism (the faded
promises of) 703
Luke March
137 Non-majoritarian institutions at
the domestic level: the rise of
the unelected 707
Amal Sethi and Brian
Christopher Jones
138 Parties in the digital era 715
Giulia Sandri
139 Political-economic collusion 720
Colin Crouch
140 Populist parties 727
Eirikur Bergmann
141 Post-democracy 731
Colin Crouch
142 Regimesupport 738
Hugo Ferrinho Lopes, Lúcio
Hanenberg, David Pimenta
and Pedro C. Magalhães
143 Right-wing populism 742
Eirikur Bergmann
PART VI CURRENT CHALLENGES
FOR POLITICAL
REPRESENTATION:
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
144 Beijing Consensus 747
Francesco Gatti
145 Competitive vs. consensual
government and political
representation 751
Tom Louwerse and Rudy B.
Andeweg
146 The COVID-19 pandemic 758
Kennet Lynggaard, Michael
Kluth and Theofanis Exadaktylos
147 Environmental risks: climate
change 762
Federica Genovese
148 The European Union and the
democratic deficit 767
José Pedro Teixeira
Fernandes and Maria Luísa
Verdelho Alves
149 Globalization and the strains on
political representation 775
Emmanouil Tsatsanis
150 The 'grand coalition' in the
European Parliament - past,
present and future 781
Amie Kreppel
151 Immigration and its challenges
for national political systems 785
João Carvalho
152 Multilevel systems of
governance 789
Simona Piattoni
153 Non-majoritarian institutions at
the international level: the rise
of the unelected 795
James Allan
154 Washington Consensus 800
Pao J. Engelbrecht
155 Winners and losers of
globalization 804
Nicolò Conti
Index 807
