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Full Description
This authoritative Encyclopedia provides a comprehensive overview of political representation, with a particular emphasis on contemporary liberal democratic regimes.
Presenting concise entries authored by leading scholars, this Encyclopedia traces the historical origins of political representation, exploring key thinkers, pivotal studies, and significant theoretical developments that have shaped modern understanding of this topic. The Encyclopedia examines the institutional mechanisms that influence political representation, covering electoral systems, party structures, and party systems. It also addresses pressing contemporary challenges such as increasing inequalities, the spread of fake news, the rise of right-wing populism, and the double exit of both citizens and parties from the electoral arena.
The Elgar Encyclopedia of Political Representation is a vital resource for scholars and students of politics and public policy, particularly those studying international politics, constitutions studies, leadership studies, public administration and management, and political theory.
Key Features:
Analyses the findings of a number of landmark studies in the field
Examines political representation at a national and international level
Includes over 150 entries by expert contributors from Europe and the Americas
Features descriptive and technical entries, as well as analytical and reflective insights
Contents
Contents
Introduction: political representation in modern liberal and democratic regimes: from its origins to its current strains and major challenges 1
PART I HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS OF MODERN POLITICAL REPRESENTATION
1 The American Revolution (1776) and modern liberal representative government 14
José Gomes André
2 Carl Schmitt and the criticism of liberal parliamentary representation 20
Alessandra Maia and Bernardo Ferreira
3 Democracy in ancient Athens: the idea of popular self-government 24
Alberto Esu
4 Edmund Burke and the idea of trustee representation 33
Alessandra Maia and Paulo d'Avila
5 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès and the representation of the Tiers État 36
Alessandra Maia and André Magnelli
6 The English Revolution and modern political representation 40
Markku Peltonen
7 The Federalist Papers and the delegate vision of representation 46
Alessandra Maia
8 The Federalist Papers and the idea of federalism 49
Alessandra Maia and Mayra Silva
9 The Federalist Papers and the idea of limitation of the power of majorities 52
Alessandra Maia and Mayra Silva
10 The French Revolution (1789) and modern liberal representative government 55
José Gomes André
11 The Italian republics and the oligarchical representative government 62
Newton Bignotto
12 Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his critical vision of representation 68
Alessandra Maia and André Magnelli
13 John Locke and the idea of government by consent 72
Alessandra Maia and Vladimyr Jorge
14 Liberal democratic regimes and political representation 75
Alexandros Kabbathas and Wolfgang Merkel
15 Medieval forms of political representation 84
Carol Symes
16 Montesquieu and the separation of powers 91
Alessandra Maia and André Magnelli
17 Political representation in dictatorships 95
Filipa Raimundo
18 The Roman republican system and representative government 104
Heather E. Duncan
19 Thomas Hobbes and the idea of representation as authorization 112
Alessandra Maia and André Magnelli
PART II CLASSICAL AND OUTSTANDING MODERN REPRESENTATION STUDIES
20 The Concept of Representation (1967), by Hanna Pitkin 117
Paolo Segatti
21 Constituency Influence in Congress (1963), by Warren Miller and Donald Stokes 123
Hermann Schmitt
22 Democracy and Its Critics (1989), by Robert A. Dahl 128
Svend-Erik Skaaning and Palle Svensson
23 Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990 (1994), by Arend Lijphart 135
André Freire
24 The End of Representative Politics (2015), by Simon Tormey 139
Cristiano Gianolla
25 Ideological Representation: Achieved and Astray. Elections, Institutions, and the Breakdown of Ideological Congruence in Parliamentary Democracies (2019), by G. Bingham Powell 145
Robin E. Best
26 Latin American Party Systems (2010), by Herbert Kitschelt, Kirk A. Hawkins, Juan Pablo Luna, Guillermo Rosas, and Elizabeth J. Zechmeister 150
Mélany Barragán
27 Les Partis Politiques (1951), by Maurice Duverger vis-à-vis The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws ([1967] 1971), by Douglas Rae 153
André Freire
28 Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament (1995), by Pippa Norris and Joni Lovenduski 161
Sophia Kanaouti and Manina Kakepaki
29 Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union (1999), by Hermann Schmitt and Jacques Thomassen (editors) 166
Eva H. Önnudóttir
30 Political Representation in France (1986), by Philip Converse and Roy Pierce 171
Nonna Mayer
31 Political Representation in Southern Europe and Latin America. Before and After the Great Recession and the Commodity Crisis (2020), by André Freire, Mélany Barragán, Xavier Coller, Marco Lisi, and Emmanouil Tsatsanis (editors) 177
Andrea Pedrazzani
32 The Politics of Presence (1998), by Anne Philips 183
Maro Pantelidou Maloutas
33 Post-Communist Party Systems: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation (1999), by Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski, and Gábor Toka 188
Gabriella Ilonszki
34 The Principles of Representative Government (1997), by Bernard Manin 194
Alessandra Maia
35 Representation from Above: Members of Parliament and Representative Democracy in Sweden (1996), by Peter Esaisson and Sören Holmberg 199
Eva H. Önnudóttir
36 Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy (2006), by Nadia Urbinati 204
Alessandra Maia
37 Rethinking Representation (2003), by Jane Mansbridge 209
Andrea Pedrazzani
38 The Strain of Representation: How Parties Represent Diverse Voters in Western and Eastern Europe (2012), by Robert Rohrschneider and Stephen Whitefield 215
Pietro Michael Lepidi and Matthew Loveless
PART III CONCEPTUALISATION AND MEASUREMENT OF POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH
39 Collective representation before liberal representation 221
Paolo Ricci
40 Data sources for the study of political representation in Europe and North America 225
Paride Carrara and Luca Pinto
41 Data sources for the study of political representation in Latin America 234
Mélany Barragán
42 Descriptive representation: "standing for" approaches 242
Sophia Kanaouti and Manina Kakepaki
43 Dramaturgical approaches to political representation 246
Jean-Pascal Daloz
44 Dynamic political representation 252
Gauthier Fally and Christopher Wlezien
45 Elite recruitment 259
Bruno Marino
46 Elite theories 264
Pedro T. Magalhães and Pedro Tavares de Almeida
47 Ethnic representation 269
Francisco Javier Alarcón and Carmen Ortega
48 Gender representation 273
Ana Espírito-Santo
49 Ideology and policy congruence 277
Ana Maria Belchior and Filipe Pacheco da Silva
50 Interest representation 281
Manuel Meirinho Martins
51 Legal representation 285
José Luís Jacinto
52 The mandate vs. independence controversy 289
Stefano Camatarri
53 Measurement issues in studies of congruence and responsiveness 292
Benjamin Ferland
54 Measuring ideological and policy congruence 300
Ana Maria Belchior and Filipe Pacheco da Silva
55 Political elites 307
Xavier Coller
56 Political representation under affective and ideological polarization 312
Pedro Riera and Luana Russo
57 The principal-agent model of political representation 318
Alessandra Maia and Paulo d'Avila
58 Representation as accountability: formalistic views 321
Pedro Moreira da Fonseca
59 Representation as authorization: formalistic views 325
Manuel Meirinho Martins
60 Representation as delegation: the imperative mandate 329
Pedro Moreira da Fonseca
61 The responsible party model 333
Anika Gauja and Karina Kosiara-Pedersen
62 Responsiveness 336
Vera Beloshitzkaya and Zoe Lefkofridi
63 Social Disproportion Index 340
Xavier Coller
64 Social movements and representation 345
Guya Accornero and Tiago Carvalho
65 Symbolic representation: "standing for" approaches 351
Manuel Meirinho Martins
66 Trustee representation: "acting for" approaches 355
Manuel Meirinho Martins and João Santos
PART IV ELECTORAL INSTITUTIONS, PARTIES, PARTY SYSTEMS, AND POLITICAL REPRESENTATION
67 Assembly size 360
Pedro Riera and Luis Azores
68 Candidate selection and political representation 365
Alona O. Dolinsky and Gideon Rahat
69 The cartel party and the 'agent of the state' model of representation 371
Ingrid van Biezen
70 The catch-all party and the entrepreneur model of representation 374
Ingrid van Biezen
71 Constituency service 377
Fátima Recuero and Carmen Ortega
72 Data sources for the study of electoral systems 381
Carmen Ortega and José Manuel Trujillo
73 Data sources for the study of parties and party systems 386
Vincenzo Emanuele and Bruno Marino
74 The declining social rooting of political parties and its consequences for political representation 392
Davide Angelucci
75 Direct and participatory democracies 400
Leonardo Avritzer and Priscila Zanandrez
76 District boundaries 405
Sergio Pérez Castaños and Carmen Ortega
77 District magnitude 409
Carmen Ortega and Giselle García-Hípola
78 Effective and legal thresholds 413
Alberto Penadés and Pedro Riera
79 Electoral districts 418
Carmen Ortega and Giselle García-Hípola
80 Electoral institutions and collective vs. individualistic/personalised representation 421
Juan Montabes, Carmen Ortega and José Carlos Hernández-Gutiérrez
81 Electoral institutions and ideological and policy congruence 428
Pola Lehmann
82 Electoral lists 435
Carmen Ortega, Juan Montabes and José Carlos Hernández-Gutiérrez
83 Electoral system families 438
Jean-Benoit Pilet
84 Electoral systems, party systems and political representation in Africa 445
Edalina Rodrigues Sanches
85 Electoral systems, party systems, and political representation in Asia 456
Diego Fossati
86 Electoral systems, party systems, and political representation in Central and Eastern Europe 463
Sergiu Gherghina
87 Electoral systems, party systems, and political representation in Latin America 473
Mélany Barragán and Aldo Martínez Hernández
88 Electoral systems, party systems, and political representation in North America 481
Valere Gaspard and Benjamin Ferland
89 Electoral systems, party systems and political representation in Western Europe 491
Marco Lisi
90 The elite party and the trustee model of representation 499
Ingrid van Biezen
91 Ethnic quotas 502
Carmen Ortega and Francisco Javier Alarcón
92 Evolution of the right to vote 508
Manuel Loff and Sergio Maia
93 The focus of representation 514
Federico Russo
94 Gender quotas 517
Pamela Pansardi
95 Gerrymandering and redistricting 521
Daniel Adrião and André Freire
96 Governments as representative institutions 525
Patrícia Silva and Marina Costa Lobo
97 Indices of disproportionality 533
Pedro Riera and Alberto Penadés
98 Indices of party system fragmentation 537
Marco Lisi
99 Indices of polarization 541
Ruth Dassonneville and Juliette Leblanc
100 Lot: election by sort 548
Manuel Meirinho Martins
101 Malapportionment 552
Nicolás Izquierdo and Pedro Riera
102 The mass party and the delegate model of representation 556
Ingrid van Biezen
103 Mixed-member electoral systems: mixed-member proportional 559
Jean-Benoit Pilet and Fernando Feitosa
104 Mixed-member electoral systems: parallel systems 562
Jean-Benoit Pilet and Fernando Feitosa
105 MPs' roles 565
Luca Verzichelli
106 Multiple-tier electoral systems 569
Jean-Benoit Pilet and Fernando Feitosa
107 Parliaments as representative institutions 572
Olivier Rozenberg
108 Participatory budgeting 579
Leonardo Avritzer and Priscila Zanandrez
109 Party identification 584
Richard Johnston
110 Party manifestos and political representation 588
Daniela Braun and Giuseppe Carteny
111 Party pledges and pledge fulfillment 592
Ana Maria Belchior
112 Personal vote 596
Carmen Ortega and José Carlos Hernández-Gutiérrez
113 Polarization 599
Ruth Dassonneville and Juliette Leblanc
114 Political communication and political representation: social media 604
Tiago Brás and José Santana-Pereira
115 Political communication and political representation: traditional media 610
Susana Rogeiro Nina and José Santana-Pereira
116 Political parties as organizations 616
Emilie van Haute and Thomas Legein
117 Political parties: definitions 619
Emilie van Haute
118 Political parties in institutions 622
Caroline Close
119 Political parties: the party on the ground 626
Emilie van Haute
120 Political representation in presidential and semi-presidential systems 629
Rui Graça Feijó
121 Primaries 638
Indriði H. Indriðason and Gunnar Helgi Kristinsson
122 Referendums and political representation 641
Isabelle Stadelmann-Steffen
123 Single-tier electoral systems 644
Jean-Benoit Pilet and Fernando Feitosa
124 Social cleavages and political representation 646
Andreas C. Goldberg
125 Structure of the vote: categorical vs. ordinal 653
Carmen Ortega and Carlos José Aguilar García
126 Term limits 657
Noémie Jeanne Févrat
PART V CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR POLITICAL REPRESENTATION: DOMESTIC LEVEL
127 Citizens' tolerance vis-à-vis authoritarian alternatives 662
David Pimenta, Lúcio Hanenberg, Hugo Ferrinho Lopes and Pedro Magalhães
128 Consequences of in/effective representation for system support 665
Christopher Wratil and Jens Wäckerle
129 Counter-democracy 672
Alessandra Maia
130 Defective democracies 678
Wolfgang Merkel
131 Disloyal oppositions (losers' consent) 687
Claudio Balderacchi
132 Fake news 691
Pedro Marques Ribeiro and José Santana-Pereira
133 Grand coalition politics at the domestic level 694
Thomas Bräuninger and Marc Debus
134 The Great Recession 699
Timothy Hellwig
135 Inequalities and political representation 702
Renato Miguel Carmo and Guya Accornero
136 Left-wing populism (the faded promises of) 709
Luke March
137 Non-majoritarian institutions at the domestic level: the rise of the unelected 713
Amal Sethi and Brian Christopher Jones
138 Parties in the digital era 721
Giulia Sandri
139 Political-economic collusion 726
Colin Crouch
140 Populist parties 734
Eirikur Bergmann
141 Post-democracy 738
Colin Crouch
142 Regime support 745
Hugo Ferrinho Lopes, Lúcio Hanenberg, David Pimenta and Pedro Magalhães
143 Right-wing populism 749
Eirikur Bergmann
PART VI CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR POLITICAL REPRESENTATION: INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
144 Beijing Consensus 754
Francesco Gatti
145 Competitive vs. consensual government and political representation 758
Tom Louwerse and Rudy B. Andeweg
146 The COVID-19 pandemic 765
Kennet Lynggaard, Michael Kluth and Theofanis Exadaktylos
147 Environmental risks: climate change 769
Federica Genovese
148 The European Union and the democratic deficit 774
José Pedro Teixeira Fernandes and Maria Luísa Verdelho Alves
149 Globalization and the strains on political representation 782
Emmanouil Tsatsanis
150 The 'grand coalition' in the European Parliament - past, present and future 788
Amie Kreppel
151 Immigration and its challenges for national political systems 792
João Carvalho
152 Multilevel systems of governance 796
Simona Piattoni
153 Non-majoritarian institutions at the international level: the rise of the unelected 802
James Allan
154 Washington Consensus 807
Pao J. Engelbrecht
155 Winners and losers of globalization 811
Nicolò Conti
